Prince Edward Island essays

Sovereign Edward Island papers Sovereign Edward Island lies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and is isolated from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia by the Strait of Northumberland. It used to be associated with the terrain. I decided to do this region since I love lobster and the land is extremely excellent. Around 11,000 years prior the early individuals known as the Paleo-Indians lived on what is currently Prince Edward Island. They assembled berries in the islands timberlands and chased seals and walrus with lances along the coast. They additionally followed caribou and cold foxes. They left the territory when The Maritime Archaic Indians moved there around 6,000 years prior. They likewise chased and angled. They made apparatuses and creature figures, cut out of stone and bones. I read that a 6,500-year-old ulu, a sort of blade used to butcher walrus and whales was discovered a couple of years back in the Gulf The Micmac Indians who were identified with the Maritime Archaic Indians settled just about 2,500 years back. At this point the water had isolated the island from the terrain. They called the island Abegweit, which means home supported on the waves. They fabricated grass houses called wigwams. The Indians secured their safe houses with hides for the virus winters. A few thousand Micmac were living on the Island when the first The Europeans found the island when Jacques Cartier landed there in 1534. He depicted it as the most wonderful stretch of land There are accounts of apparitions and covered privateer gold go back to the days when cruising ships connected the island with Nova Scotia and yachts gotten load for the West Indies. In the mid 1600s, France needed to oversee angling waters. France before long made a state. This was the principal province in what was known as Acadia. The British likewise guaranteed angling and hide exchanging rights the area. The two nations struggled for this significant land all through the After Britain won the war ag... <!

Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The death penalty - Essay Example The Magisterium is the methods for teaching individuals or people about the Divine facts composed inside the Sacred Scriptures which is the perfect Word of God. The Magisterium is related with the Sacred Tradition and is viewed as the â€Å"unwritten truths† about confidence and ethics which can typically be communicated by the loyal in words. In any case, the Sacred Tradition can't be really founded on any composed or verbally expressed words †so they are alluded to as the unwritten facts that are generally utilized in the organization of the Magisterium; where lessons from the Sacred Scriptures are done (Conte). The last perspective regularly connected to the matter of the death penalty or capital punishment is Human Reason. Human explanation is the thing that isolates an individual from lower types of creatures since people have a degree of knowledge that spurs them to find and clarify notable issues, which in the end prompts the comprehension of significant issues. Al beit such attributes are frequently limited with regards to communicating sentiments in regards to strict perspectives and facts (wordiQ.com). The death penalty has consistently been bantered upon yet the individuals who are for and against its burden on people who have carried out unspeakable wrongdoings like homicide and assault. The grounds of the contentions are regularly focused on the Holy Bible which contains the Sacred Scriptures, and the life and lessons of Jesus Christ. Since the Sacred Scriptures are the premise of playing out the Magisterium and talking about the Sacred Tradition it tends to be said that the Holy Bible all in all is a solid hotspot for the Church to endure the death penalty distributed by any State or government for unpleasant violations. Since Church pioneers are will undoubtedly hold fast to the Sacred Scriptures and Sacred Traditions. In like manner, the Magisterium has never explicitly upheld nullifying the death penalty, however neither does it indi cate in any capacity that utilizing it is essentially required and should just be actualized once in a while in light of the fact that regard for all human life is an absolute necessity. This implies even the most solidified criminal whom we see as lower than any creature must be given human nobility regardless of their deeds; and ought to be allowed to atone and make a fresh start (Pope). On the side of the previous, the lessons of Jesus Christ and His lifestyle, as likewise depicted in the Holy Bible repudiates the toleration of murdering or removing of life in return for genuine offenses. This is in like manner expressed in the Sixth Commandment which expresses that â€Å"thou will not kill†, which is the establishment of contention for the individuals who are against the death penalty. Considering this the Magisterium clarifies that death penalty should just be executed or compared to the wrongdoings submitted; and that the State or the administration â€Å"does not foll ow up on its own position yet as a specialist of God †who gives and removes life† according to the Sacred Scripture. Pertinent to this issue, Dulles presents the four objectives of why discipline is set up for distinguished wrongdoings perpetrated against an individual and the general public by and large, which are as per the following: restoration, safeguard against the crook, prevention and revenge. The principal goal of discipline is recovery. With the end goal for someone to recover or recuperate from a genuine wrongdoing, the person in question must be given the chan

Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Corporate Governance - Essay Example Positively, notwithstanding its trademark past causes and its weaknesses, it is obviously coming out as the worldwide benchmark. In any case, questions of institutional movements are less than ideal. It is significant that towards the finish of the twentieth century, the German and Japanese models of corporate administration was generally favored on the planet, and it filled in as the universes best from 1990-mid 2000 (Goergen, Manjon and Renneboog 2008). Specialists trusted in the bank-focused affiliation free enterprise way to deal with manage the social unsettling influence realized by the American intolerant investor direction. The natural value of Toyotaism and the model execution of a portion of the Asian economies and business foundations that copied the German and Japanese corporate system affected the business journalists to proclaim the surfacing of the Anglo-American strategy for control Keiretsu (Wood 1991; Herbig and Shao 1994). The reports expressed that unregulated Anglo-Saxon industrialist method of corporate administration is experiencing difficulties in managing the present circumstance. They consequently contended that the American business associations should have been upheld to initiate Keiretsu-like groupings that protected the administration from mid-term to momentary business and financial exchange powers without forming them into incapable chiefs (Lincoln, Gerlach and Ahmadjian 1996). In outline, the most productive economies were fruitful because of their corporate administration structures, on occasion alluded to as communitarian or affiliation free enterprise. They curbed the signs from bigoted monetary markets and advanced cooperation among business corporate associations and their providers, in spite of what the American structure of contributing industrialists. Unquestionably, concurring on which evaluator of execution to utilize and what period to focus on results to unique

Research and Describe Relationship Between Law & Literature - 550 Words

Research and Describe Relationship Between Law & Literature (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorCourseDateLaw and studyLaw and literature are essential components of any society. They are perceived to be the core of human civilization. The Greco-Roman era up to the medieval period is considered to provide major developments and advancements of the human civilization. The ages changed the perceptions, ideologies, and interaction of the human race. Law determined provided the structure for governing while literature provided the structure of individual operations about their environment. Research broadens the minds of the people as well as provided an avenue for recording historical events and acted as a mode of expression. Poetry, song, and books were written expressing and storing the heritage that the age brought.The to understand the relationship between law and literature one must go back to the origins of law. The concept of law is believed to have originated from Greek philosophy. Greeks aligned the law with writings, rhetorics and speech. Rhe torics was for the purpose of presenting arguments in courts. While the writing was for recording purposes of court proceedings and findings in the early ages.The concept of law about religion was major at the time as the Bible, and sacred texts were the core of Judaism. In the medieval era commonly known as the Middle Ages constituted of the Talmudic studies and techniques of interpretation. The Talmud had become the center of the rabbinic Judaism thus the need more new technologies in the study and interpretation of sacred texts.The new methods of textual analysis were based on the Ashkenazi and Sephardi communities' approach. The two major factors that were to be considered were explanatory and critical. The explanatory technique was meant to decipher the texts and make the language, reasoning, and terminologies more accessible to the scholars. The critical approach would be implemented to eliminate anomalies that were present in the Talmud texts. The critical approach would make the text relevant to the current situation at the time.The new age brought about the desire for knowledge thus an increase in the number of scholars who wanted to attain knowledge. The incoming students did not possess adequate knowledge of the texts and thus the need for simplification through explanation. Jargons were standard thus eliminated and replaced with similar words that would be understood. The texts had multiple contradictions that lead to confusion as well as the fact that they were structured in an ancient manner. The older scholars saw it fit to eliminate contradictions as well as present scenarios in the texts that would be relevant in the current setting. The application of information and in turn the law would only be facilitated by a proper understanding of the text.The transition from classical to middle age philosophies was challenging and it illustrated the strained relationship between Judaism and Greek civilization. One particular breed of philosophers was s ubstantially swayed by Greek ideologies especially about Plotinus and Aristotle. Despite Plato being a famous philosopher with great ideas it was unfortunate that there was no written evidence of his accounts. Platos views and ideas mysteriously vanished. In the search for Plato's ideologies scholars looked for guidance and relevance from Plotinus in regards to Plato's ideas. The researchers looking on to Plotinus were assumed that his views were similar to Plato thus they ignored the concept that Plotinus had differences of opinion of his own and could not provide and objective account of Plato. The lack of objectivity thus presented Plotinus views rather than those of Plato and ultimately burying the Plato philosophies.The second set of philosophers was influenced by Judaism and ultimately Christianity. The religion wa...

1984 Psychological Manipulation Essay - 1568 Words

Controlling the Mind â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU†(Orwell 2), is a saying that surrounds society in the classic novel 1984. The author, George Orwell provides his audience with an abundant amount of themes throughout his writing. One very prominent one is Orwell’s psychological manipulation of his characters. As characters within this society are constantly surrounded by sayings such as, â€Å"WAR IS PEACE†, â€Å"FREEDOM IS SLAVERY†, and â€Å"IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH†(Orwell 4), Orwell shows the ultimate type of control within his characters. Orwell is able to achieve such psychological manipulation in his characters through physical control and the abundance of technology. Without Orwell’s use of telescreens, his characters would be able to have their†¦show more content†¦As Orwell continues Winston’s physical torture, he develops psychological manipulation in Winston as he causes Winston s pain based on his thoughts and actions, as seen when â€Å"without any warning except a slight movement of O Brien s hand, a wave of pain flooded his body. It was a frightening pain, because he could not see what was happening, and he had the feeling that some mortal injury was being done to him.†(Orwell 244), causing Winston to begin agreeing with the Party’s ideals to stop the pain. As Winston’s torture continues, O’Brien claims â€Å"I have it in my power to inflict pain on you at any moment and to whatever degree I choose†(Orwell 245). This causes Winston to believe that O’Brien controls the pain, causing Winston to love O’Brien, as he can stop the pain. Throughout the process it is explained that there are three steps to the psychological manipulation project the government uses, and as O’Brien explains, â€Å"There is learning, there is understanding, and there is acceptance†(Orwell 260). With this, Orwell makes it obvious to the audience what he is doing, by using physical control to create psychological control. Orwell successfully manipulates Winston physiologically through his use of technology and advancements in telescreens, control of history, and control of language. Within the society, Winston is among few who have memories of the past world. While Winston feelsShow MoreRelated Psychological Manipulation in 1984 Essay1914 Words   |  8 Pages Nineteen Eighty-Four, by George Orwell, is a superb novel with outstanding themes. One of the most prominent themes found in this novel is psychological manipulation. Citizens in this society are subject to ever present signs declaring â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU† (Orwell 1). Along with psychological manipulation, physical control takes place. The Party not only controls what people in Oceania think, but what they do as well. Technology is another important theme. Without the constant telescreensRead MoreWhat ´s Psychological Manipulation?814 Words   |  3 Pages Psychological Manipulation Essay Psychological manipulation can affect the lives of many by manipulating their emotions. Finding a way to psychologically manipulate a persons emotions or their thoughts could be a long and tedious process, and can only be mastered by few people. For these people who try to manipulate the behaviors of people will stop at nothing and fight hard to attain their goals. Although these people will stop at nothing to achieve their goal, finding a way to psychologicallyRead MoreCompare and Contrast Essay: Brave New World Versus 19841675 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and Contrast Essay Juan Ignacio Pazmià ±o English 11 â€Å"We cant be confined to one way of thinking, and that terrifies our leaders. It means we cant be controlled. And it means that no matter what they do, we will always cause trouble for them.† (Roth, 2012) Victoria Roth describes the way people act in a society, individuals are different from one another, and therefore have different beliefs, ideas, and thoughts. When a ruler comes into power, he wants to make the whole community thinkRead MoreEssay 19841695 Words   |  7 PagesChoose one of the following essay topics and write a well-developed essay (no less than two typed pages, double-spaced in 12 pt. standard font such as Roman Times or Georgia). This essay is due the first day of school. 1. Describe Winston’s character as it relates to his attitude toward the Party. In what ways might his fatalistic streak contribute to his ultimate downfall? Cite examples from the text to prove your opinions. 2. How does technology affect the Party’s ability to control its citizensRead MoreFreedom vs Security - George Orwell, 19842554 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Freedom vs. Security: 1984, a Mirror of Today’s Governments and their Methods of Mass Control Tanks to technology and, mostly, its applications in the field of communication, governments and business corporations from all around the world have now more power than ever to track and influence what we buy, what we listen to, what we read, what we watch and, ultimately, what we believe. Recent terrorist threats and armed conflicts that have taken place around the globe have prompted a general feelingRead MoreFrancess Kargbo. Mr. Bond-Theriault. 2Nd Period. 22 March1623 Words   |  7 PagesBond-Theriault 2nd period 22 March 2017 1984 By: George Orwell From a new historicism , and psychoanalytic criticism view. â€Å"Big Brother is Watching You† As the future nears, most of humanity is starting to realize that â€Å"2+2=5†(. There is manipulation that occurs constructed by the government to control every aspect of reality, technology taking human jobs, those who control the present write history, social hierarchy, and wars that have no purpose. 1984 by Eric Arthur Blair is known by his penRead MorePower of Speech1450 Words   |  6 Pagesout of place or wrong, people would not question it. Much like in George Orwell’s novel, 1984, the citizens of the utopia had forgotten the history from before it was altered, and the people never questioned it and as a result, the people lived in a society completely controlled by the government, and hardly anyone believed it to be wrong. Without the knowledge of history people are vulnerable to manipulation and control. The absence of written language can also leave a physical impact. In Zora NealeRead MoreComparison between The Chrysalids and Brave New World892 Words   |  4 PagesStage 1 English Studies Extended Study – Connected Texts In this essay I will compare two novels which deal with similar themes but in significantly different ways: â€Å"The Chrysalids†, a science fiction novel by John Wyndham published in 1955 and â€Å"Brave New World†, a novel by Aldous Huxley published in 1932. The story in â€Å"The Chrysalids† takes place thousands of years in the future in a rural society similar to our world before the invention of modern technology such as telephones, cars, etcRead MoreThe Criteria for Good Literature1518 Words   |  7 Pagesabout. A good piece of literature is read and enthralls both the mind and heart. It makes the reader yearn for it and once more read it. Only then is it considered an excellent piece of literature. Based on the above definition of good literature, 1984 by George Orwell meets several of the criteria and can be classified as good literature. First, Orwell develops his characters in a strong powerful way, that as a reader I am able to fully understand them and at time connect to them, but still ponderRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1477 Words   |  6 Pageseating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. They all involve serious disturbances in weight regulation and eating habits, accompanied by adverse effects on social, psychological and physical aspects of one’s life (‘Eating disorders: About more than food’, n.d.). This essay will specifically be focusing on bulimia nervosa, as research shows a higher level of stigma associated with it, compared to other eating disorders (Roehrig McLean, 2009). Bulimia nervosa is characterised

Social institutions Essay Example For Students

Social institutions Essay Social institutions can be found all though out the world. Social institution is a system of statuses, roles, values, and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic societal needs. It may differ from place to place. One good example of a social institution would be found in the film, The Dead Poets Society. It tells about and shows how each of the students at Welton Academy have different ways at handling their set of social institutions. Each student learns with the help of their new teacher, Mr. Keating, that they should be free thinkers and seize the day and not to waste life because it is very precious. Some important institutions that will be viewed are family and education institutions. Family is a very important institution that comes to mind when discussing different types of social institutions. Family is a group of people who are related by marriage, blood, or adoption and who live together and share economic resources. American families are organized by di fferent types of form groups. A nuclear family consists of one or both parents and their children. The nuclear family is the family form that is most recognizable to Americans. Then there is the extended family. The extended family consists of three or more generations of a family sharing the same residence. Nuclear families and extended families often are part of a much larger kinship system. Kinship refers to a network of people who are related by marriage, birth, or adoption. American marriage patterns are usually a monogamy, which means that a marriage of one man to one woman is present. Another American pattern is neolocality which means that a newly married couple is free to set up access of individuals and groups to power and social rewards. From these perspectives we can see the role that each of them takes at Welton Academy. Welton Academy I think would mostly be looked at under the conflict perspective because of how expensive it is to enroll in the school. It limits the b est education to the rich. The school i?s when Charlie wanted to permit girls a Welton and printed an article in the school newspaper. With that event he crossed the line between right and wrong and had to be punished to teach him of his wrongdoing. got hit I also think that with these strict rules, hard entrance rate and high tuition fee limits who can attend the school and usually cuts out all of the bad students that would be disturbance to the operation of the school. The enforcing of norms through either internalization or sanctions is called social control. Agents of social control include authority figures, the police, the courts, religion, the family, and public opinion. The principle means of social control in all societies, though, is self-control, learned through the internalization of norms. When a societygot hit I also think that with these strict rules, hard entrance rate and high tuition fee limits who can attend the school and usually cuts out all of the bad students that would be disturbance to the operation of the school. The enforcing of norms through either internalization or sanctions is called social control. Agents of social control include authority figures, the police, the courts, religion, the family, and public opinion. The principle means of social control in all societies, though, is self-control, learned through the internalization of norms. When a societys methods for ensuring conformity break down, social stability is lost. If people are killing one another, stealing, and fighting in the streets, then social order is jeopardy. Social control is important. No society can survive for long without an effective system of social control. Individuals must follow certain rules of behavior if society is to function smoothly. In the film Mr. Keating tells about the dangers of conformity. He says to be free thinkers and go for your goals in life. He said dont always follow what others do and try o be your own leader. He said that conformity is good to a certain point and be careful not to cross th e line between right and wrong. Some gos also very strict limiting what the students can do.I think that Welton Academy maintains the stability and smooth operation of society by being strict and hard on the students. One incident is Charlie Daytons punishment for trying to permit girls at?od examples in the film of how conformity can be positive or negative is when Charlie Dalton didnt want to walk outside with his class because he wanted to exercise his right of conformity. This was a positive event of conformity. One negative example is when Charlie wanted to permit girls a Welton and printed an article in the school newspaper. With that event he crossed the line between right and wrong and had to be punished to teach him of his wrongdoing. Adolescence is a unique stage in a persons life. The adolescence is caught between two worlds no longer a child and not yet an adult in the eyes of society. Adolescence can be defined as the period between the normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood. Some of the characteristics of adolescence are undefined status, search for self, increased pressure, and problems of suicide. Undefined status means that being an adolescent people are confused on how to treat you. Some treat adolescents like adults while others treat them like children. Adult society seems to have conflicting attitudes toward adolescents. Another characteristic is increased pressure. Adolescents are faced with pressure from many sources such as school, friends, and parents. Parents for instance, generally make rules stating what time their adolescent children must be home, who they can see, and where they can go. Yet parents want their children to be sociable. Yet thus people are under pressure to strike the balance between parental wishes and peer pressure. Adolescents also have pressures put on them in school. They are pressured to attend class, complete assignments, pass tests, and participate in school clubs and activities. One other characteristic that is important is search for self. Adolescence are mature enough to think about themselves and what they want out of life. They can sort through their values and decide what things really are important to them. They can establish personal norms that will guide their behavior. They can set priorities for their lives. One aspect of finding yourself is preparing for future roles. Thus anticipatory socialization is important part of adolescent development. Anticipatory socialization refers to f-control, learned through the internalization of norms. f-control, learned through the internalization of norms. got hit I also think that with these strict rules, hard entrance rate and high tuition fee limits who can attend the school and usu ally cuts out all of the bad students that would be disturbance to the operation of the school. E E Cummings-life And Work EssayThe enforcing of norms through either internalization or sanctions is called social control. Agents of social control include authority figures, the police, the courts, religion, the family, and public opinion. The principle means of social control in all societies, though, is self-control, learned through the internalization of norms. When a societygot hit I also think that with these strict rules, hard entrance rate and high tuition fee limits who can attend the school and usually cuts out all of the bad students that would be disturbance to the operation of the school. The enforcing of norms through either internalization or sanctions is called social control. Agents of social control include authority figures, the police, the courts, religion, the family, and public opinion. The principle means of social control in all societies, though, is self-control, learned through the internalization of norms. When a societys methods for ensuring conformity break down, social stability is lost. If people are killing one another, stealing, and fighting in the streets, then social order is jeopardy. Social control is important. No society can survive for long without an effective system of social control. Individuals must follow certain rules of behavior if society is to function smoothly. In the film Mr. Keating tells about the dangers of conformity. He says to be free thinkers and go for your goals in life. He said dont always follow what others do and try o be your own leader. He said that conformity is good to a certain point and be careful not to cross th e line between right and wrong. Some good examples in the film of how conformity can be positive or negative is when Charlie Dalton didnt want to walk outside with his class because he wanted to exercise his right of conformity. This was a positive event of conformity. One negative example is when Charlie wanted to permit girls a Welton and printed an article in the school newspaper. With that event he crossed the line between right and wrong and had to be punished to teach him of his wrongdoing. Adolescence is a unique stage in a persons life. The adolescence is caught between two worlds no longer a child and not yet an adult in the eyes of society. Adolescence can be defined as the period between the normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood. Some of the characteristics of adolescence are undefined status, search for self, increased pressure, and problems of suicide. Undefined status means that being an adolescent people are confused on how to treat you. Some treat adolescents like adults while others treat them like children. Adult society seems to have conflicting attitudes toward adolescents. Another characteristic is increased pressure. Adolescents are faced with pressure from many sources such as school, friends, and parents. Parents for instance, generally make rules stating what time their adolescent children must be home, who they can see, and where they can go. Yet parents want their children to be sociable. Yet thus people are under pressure to strike the balance between parental wishes and peer pressure. Adolescents also have pressures put on them in school. They are pressured to attend class, complete assignments, pass tests, and participate in school clubs and activities. One other characteristic that is important is search for self. Adolescence are mature enough to think about themselves and what they want out of life. They can sort through their values and decide what things really are important to them. They can establish personal norms that will guide their behavior. They can set priorities for their lives. One aspect of finding yourself is preparing for future roles. Thus anticipatory socialization is important part of adolescent development. Anticipatory socialization refers to learning the rights, obligations, and expectations of a role in preparation for assuming that role at a future date. The last characteristic is the problems of suicide. When most people think of the causes and consequences of suicide, they think in terms of individuals. They see suicide as a personal act that results from psychological factors, such as depression or frustration. Sociologists acknowledge the suicide is more interested in the social factors that affect suicide rates. According to the sociologist view of suicide, variations in suicide rates can be understood by studying the structure of society. One good example from the film that ties all of these different characteristics together would be the Neil Perry incident. Neil wanted to perform and become an actor but his father thought that it was just a waste of time. He told his son that he worked hard and made many sacrifices so that Neil could go to Welton. This placed a ton of pressure on Neil. I also think Neil was afraid of his dad because his dad controlled most of his life. After all this build up of pressure and frustration from his father he couldnt control it and wound up taking his own life.

Sexual Assault Investigation an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Sexual Assault Investigation Sexual assault is one of the most under reported crimes. Both men and women can become victims of sexual assault, although all related statistics are associated with women. Sexual assault is a broad classification for all unaccepted sexual advances or exhibition of sexual desires. It differs from rape which is the gratification of sexual desire by force. The National Crime Victimization Survey data suggests about half a million people had been sexually assaulted between the years 1992-93. More recent surveys like that for 2001, estimates there were around 249,000 sexual assault victims for that year (Online Lawyer, 2008). However these figures are presumed to be too less due to the underreporting factor. A 1992 study suggests that only about 16% of the sexual assaults are brought to the police. Need essay sample on "Sexual Assault Investigation" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The main reason for victims to shy away from reporting these cases is perhaps to avoid the embarrassment of being talked about it in the neighborhood, the media or at least being asked to narrate the happenings before a jury. Although sexual assault is an underreported crime it is however possible for anyone to falsely raise charges of sexual assault, even without any evidence. A charge of sexual assault on someone can be very damaging and can even devastate ones life. Thus sexual assault investigations are very crucial, particularly when the suspect denies charges; and physical evidences are very important in the investigations. The evidences collected against the offender are of varying nature like material evidence, biological evidence, medical evidence etc. and requires the expertise of physicians, laboratory technicians and crime scene investigators to compile them. It has been overwhelmingly observed that most sexual assaults and rapes are committed by people well known to the victim. This aspect of rape has considerable bearing on the investigation and prosecution of the perpetrators (Kilpatrick, 2000). As the identity of the perpetrators are known to the victims in most cases, the investigation here need not be focused on the identification of the suspect or perpetrators. In most cases, the perpetrator would proclaim that the act wasnt a rape, but only a consensual sex. Therefore the investigation should be more directed to counter this position. Known offenders adopt such a stand as it is difficult for them to plead a case of mistaken identity. To prove a sexual act as a case of rape and not a consensual decision, the victim needs to show proof of physical injuries (Estrich, 1987). As most rape victims actually dont receive major physical injuries, the investigators and prosecutors face a difficult task, as absence of injuries is generally p erceived as consenting. Forensic examination may highlight physical injuries that are relevant to forced rape, which may then be used as evidence. The crime investigating officer, at the location of the sexual assault or rape, needs to primarily look to the requirements of the victim, like medical help. The officer needs to interact with the victim and try to boost her morale and confidence, particularly when the victim is in a state of shock or even hysteric. At the initial stage of the rape investigation, the investigator should look for any physical material of the attacker present with the victim. Generally a rape victim would tear the clothes of her attacker, scratch and scar his face or even pull his hair. Thus there is always a chance of the assailants hair, clothes or blood stains on the victim, particularly on her hands and under the nails. It is important to have the clothing of the victim sent for analysis, at the earliest possible, but care should be taken here to ensure that the victim is comfortable and not pained by further embarrassment. The evidence material must be gathered, handled and packed carefully before it is sent to the lab for forensic analysis. The number of people handling the evidence should be minimum and the investigator needs to fix his initials to the evidence for its accuracy. Semen and hair are very valuable physical evidences. A medical examination is part of the rape investigation and should be carried out by a specialist in forensic medicine. The victim would mostly insist on a personal physician performing the exam, which should be strongly discouraged; as personal and private physicians would not have rape investigation experience, or be able to testify in a court to get a conviction. The medical examination would include visual examination of vagina and determination of tissue damage (ASU, 2006). The presence or absence of a rapists sperm is concluded by carrying out a pap smear test. When rape results in the death of the victim, then the examination should also include anus, mouth etc. A forensic medical examination considers a victims body, as a crime scene. Based on the victims version of the incidents, the forensic team collects evidence which can prove, the identity of the perpetrator, and that rape had occurred. When the suspect denies any sexual act with the victim, then DNA or other appropriate material evidence is collected which can prove that the suspect had committed the sexual act. Claims of consensual sex cannot be countered easily and proof of physical injuries is one of the few ways to counter such claims. Newer technology enhances detection of physical injuries, like the use of colposcope. The colposcope is generally used by gynecologists for observation of vulvar or vaginal diseases. The colposcope provides a 30 time magnification of areas like anus, vulva or vagina. Injuries like abrasions and tears that are not visible to the naked eye are observed with the colposcope. Earlier rape examinations without colposcope could establish evidence of genit al injuries in about 19 to 28% of cases. Now with the colposcope about 87% of genital trauma can be established. Crime scene processing involves examining, identifying, recording and collection of physical evidence based on which comparisons, recognition and individualization are later made. Considerable care should be given when evidences are collected and preserved. As plastic enclosures cause moisture formation, all evidence items should be air dried in a room, before packing. This can prevent fungal and bacterial growth. Dry items which are possible biological evidences need to be wrapped first in a clean paper, then put in a paper bag. When biological stains are formed in materials like cloths or rubber, and the items need to be folded prior to packing, then care should be taken to ensure that the specimen area is not folded. Otherwise, the biological material may be damaged and DNA testing would become difficult (Savino, Turvey and Baeza). Solid objects bearing biological material evidence, must have clean paper covering it and sealing the stained area, to prevent contamination or dilutio n of evidence. Victims of a sexual assault need to be brought to a medical facility within 72 hours of incident, where a SANE (Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner) conducts the medical examination. In case the victim is brought after 72 hours, it would help if the victim has not changed clothes or has not showered. It has been established that the best evidence of assault could be gathered when the victim reports within 12 hours of the incident. The evidence collection procedure of the SANE has evolved over the years as a consequence of interactions with investigators, crime lab specialists and attorneys. Today, the collection of evidence is more complete and valid and contributes immensely in charging a suspect. The forensic examiner also collects blood and saliva samples of the victim to differentiate it from that of the perpetrator. Sometimes an extra blood sample of victim may be required for alcohol or drug analysis. This is required when perpetrators claim victims to have agreed under the influence of alcohol or had agreed to have sex in exchange of drugs. When sperm or seminal fluid of the offender is not seen in the victim, then too rape shouldnt be ruled as studies have shown that a good percentage of rapists are sexually dysfunctional or use condoms. Nowadays seminal fluid evidence is more used in determining DNA evidence linking to the suspect. Seminal fluid can also be investigated for prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PAP 30) which are highly concentrated in seminal fluids compared to vaginal fluids. Genital trauma evidence can not only support the victims version of the incident, but also prove that force was indeed used. The position of the genital trauma is related to the body position of the victim during the assault. For instance, when there is injury to external vaginal opening, the woman is most likely to have been raped in missionary position. When a semi-circular cut or scratch is observed in the inner vaginal wall, then a digital penetration is supported (Ledray, 1999). The colposcope plays a vital role in genital trauma examination. Although genital trauma indicates use of force, absence of genital trauma should not be considered as consensual sex. Physical evidence collected in rape cases are directed towards establishing occurrence of penetration, establishing occurrence of nonconsensual sex and establishing identity of the perpetrator. The absence of seminal fluid may also be attributed to several causes like suspect not ejaculating in the vagina, or the medical examination was done after a long time after rape, or the doctor having failed to take a proper sample. Occasionally seminal fluid from a consensual sex would be present, while that from a rape would be absent. In such cases seminal fluid typing would be carried out. Evidences like torn or soiled clothing, bruises, cuts, plucked hair indicate fight or struggle during intercourse, and hence rape (Fischer, 2003). Finger prints, palm prints and even foot prints are valuable clues that help to nail the assailant. Fingerprints from beer cans, cigarettes etc. are required to identify the assailant. For drug aided sexual assault, blood and urine samples are crucial evidence s. Victims who suspect the use of drugs, should not empty their bladders. Substances like GHB (gamma hydroxybutrate) which can easily make a victim unconscious, is eliminated from the blood within six hours but would be detectable in urine after that. When any pills or suspicious powder are found at the rape scene, the investigator should not ignore these. Although physical evidence collection and forensic analysis can help in identifying the assailant, investigators need to be aware of the circumstances and situations to profile the assaulter. As sexual assault are committed on people of both sexes, children, adults and elders; investigators should look for appropriate physical evidences. Similarly experience and expertise is required to identify a serial rape case based on evidence similarity and additional evidence recognition. In child molestation cases, physical evidence are much lesser, and signs like nightmares, bedwetting and urinary infections are considered symptoms of child molestation. Investigators can only look for clues on the childs dress worn during the last assault, if it has not been washed. Beyond this, the investigators are totally dependent on medical observations. Child abuse is identified based on the observations of the pediatrician (Fischer, 2003). Strange bruises, broken bones as revealed by X-rays are import ant to the investigation. Sometimes unhygienic conditions and under nourishment may also be associated. For homosexual assaults, a SANE examines the rectum and takes a swab sample for presence of semen. Here medical examination can not only reveal whether sodomy had occurred, but also confirm if the victim was accustomed to it. Presence of lubricant or feces traces also need to be looked on clothing. To make investigation and prosecution of rape cases more effective, the collective effort and cooperation of several agencies are required. The agencies involved in the investigation and prosecution of sexual assault include the medical personnel, law enforcement personnel, prosecution, correction and victim recovery services. The services are interrelated and a reporting at any point would get all the agencies into action. REFERENCES Augusta State University, Department of Public Safety, Investigating and processing a sexual assault rape call: Initial Steps. (2006) [Electronic Version]. Online Lawyer Source. (2008) Sexual assault victims [Electronic Version] Kilpatrick D.G., National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center. Rape and sexual Assault (2000) [Electronic Version]. Downloaded on 2nd June 2008 from http://www.musc.edu/vawprevention/research/sa.shtml Fischer B.A., Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation CRC Press. (2003) Ledray. L., Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE). Development and Operation Guide, U.S department of Justice, Office of Victims of Crime. (1999) Estrich, S., Real rape. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (1987) Savino J.O., Turvey B.E., and Baeza J.J., Rape Investigation Handbook Academic Press (2004)