Prince Edward Island essays

Sovereign Edward Island papers Sovereign Edward Island lies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and is isolated from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia by the Strait of Northumberland. It used to be associated with the terrain. I decided to do this region since I love lobster and the land is extremely excellent. Around 11,000 years prior the early individuals known as the Paleo-Indians lived on what is currently Prince Edward Island. They assembled berries in the islands timberlands and chased seals and walrus with lances along the coast. They additionally followed caribou and cold foxes. They left the territory when The Maritime Archaic Indians moved there around 6,000 years prior. They likewise chased and angled. They made apparatuses and creature figures, cut out of stone and bones. I read that a 6,500-year-old ulu, a sort of blade used to butcher walrus and whales was discovered a couple of years back in the Gulf The Micmac Indians who were identified with the Maritime Archaic Indians settled just about 2,500 years back. At this point the water had isolated the island from the terrain. They called the island Abegweit, which means home supported on the waves. They fabricated grass houses called wigwams. The Indians secured their safe houses with hides for the virus winters. A few thousand Micmac were living on the Island when the first The Europeans found the island when Jacques Cartier landed there in 1534. He depicted it as the most wonderful stretch of land There are accounts of apparitions and covered privateer gold go back to the days when cruising ships connected the island with Nova Scotia and yachts gotten load for the West Indies. In the mid 1600s, France needed to oversee angling waters. France before long made a state. This was the principal province in what was known as Acadia. The British likewise guaranteed angling and hide exchanging rights the area. The two nations struggled for this significant land all through the After Britain won the war ag... <!

Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The death penalty - Essay Example The Magisterium is the methods for teaching individuals or people about the Divine facts composed inside the Sacred Scriptures which is the perfect Word of God. The Magisterium is related with the Sacred Tradition and is viewed as the â€Å"unwritten truths† about confidence and ethics which can typically be communicated by the loyal in words. In any case, the Sacred Tradition can't be really founded on any composed or verbally expressed words †so they are alluded to as the unwritten facts that are generally utilized in the organization of the Magisterium; where lessons from the Sacred Scriptures are done (Conte). The last perspective regularly connected to the matter of the death penalty or capital punishment is Human Reason. Human explanation is the thing that isolates an individual from lower types of creatures since people have a degree of knowledge that spurs them to find and clarify notable issues, which in the end prompts the comprehension of significant issues. Al beit such attributes are frequently limited with regards to communicating sentiments in regards to strict perspectives and facts (wordiQ.com). The death penalty has consistently been bantered upon yet the individuals who are for and against its burden on people who have carried out unspeakable wrongdoings like homicide and assault. The grounds of the contentions are regularly focused on the Holy Bible which contains the Sacred Scriptures, and the life and lessons of Jesus Christ. Since the Sacred Scriptures are the premise of playing out the Magisterium and talking about the Sacred Tradition it tends to be said that the Holy Bible all in all is a solid hotspot for the Church to endure the death penalty distributed by any State or government for unpleasant violations. Since Church pioneers are will undoubtedly hold fast to the Sacred Scriptures and Sacred Traditions. In like manner, the Magisterium has never explicitly upheld nullifying the death penalty, however neither does it indi cate in any capacity that utilizing it is essentially required and should just be actualized once in a while in light of the fact that regard for all human life is an absolute necessity. This implies even the most solidified criminal whom we see as lower than any creature must be given human nobility regardless of their deeds; and ought to be allowed to atone and make a fresh start (Pope). On the side of the previous, the lessons of Jesus Christ and His lifestyle, as likewise depicted in the Holy Bible repudiates the toleration of murdering or removing of life in return for genuine offenses. This is in like manner expressed in the Sixth Commandment which expresses that â€Å"thou will not kill†, which is the establishment of contention for the individuals who are against the death penalty. Considering this the Magisterium clarifies that death penalty should just be executed or compared to the wrongdoings submitted; and that the State or the administration â€Å"does not foll ow up on its own position yet as a specialist of God †who gives and removes life† according to the Sacred Scripture. Pertinent to this issue, Dulles presents the four objectives of why discipline is set up for distinguished wrongdoings perpetrated against an individual and the general public by and large, which are as per the following: restoration, safeguard against the crook, prevention and revenge. The principal goal of discipline is recovery. With the end goal for someone to recover or recuperate from a genuine wrongdoing, the person in question must be given the chan

Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Corporate Governance - Essay Example Positively, notwithstanding its trademark past causes and its weaknesses, it is obviously coming out as the worldwide benchmark. In any case, questions of institutional movements are less than ideal. It is significant that towards the finish of the twentieth century, the German and Japanese models of corporate administration was generally favored on the planet, and it filled in as the universes best from 1990-mid 2000 (Goergen, Manjon and Renneboog 2008). Specialists trusted in the bank-focused affiliation free enterprise way to deal with manage the social unsettling influence realized by the American intolerant investor direction. The natural value of Toyotaism and the model execution of a portion of the Asian economies and business foundations that copied the German and Japanese corporate system affected the business journalists to proclaim the surfacing of the Anglo-American strategy for control Keiretsu (Wood 1991; Herbig and Shao 1994). The reports expressed that unregulated Anglo-Saxon industrialist method of corporate administration is experiencing difficulties in managing the present circumstance. They consequently contended that the American business associations should have been upheld to initiate Keiretsu-like groupings that protected the administration from mid-term to momentary business and financial exchange powers without forming them into incapable chiefs (Lincoln, Gerlach and Ahmadjian 1996). In outline, the most productive economies were fruitful because of their corporate administration structures, on occasion alluded to as communitarian or affiliation free enterprise. They curbed the signs from bigoted monetary markets and advanced cooperation among business corporate associations and their providers, in spite of what the American structure of contributing industrialists. Unquestionably, concurring on which evaluator of execution to utilize and what period to focus on results to unique

Research and Describe Relationship Between Law & Literature - 550 Words

Research and Describe Relationship Between Law & Literature (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorCourseDateLaw and studyLaw and literature are essential components of any society. They are perceived to be the core of human civilization. The Greco-Roman era up to the medieval period is considered to provide major developments and advancements of the human civilization. The ages changed the perceptions, ideologies, and interaction of the human race. Law determined provided the structure for governing while literature provided the structure of individual operations about their environment. Research broadens the minds of the people as well as provided an avenue for recording historical events and acted as a mode of expression. Poetry, song, and books were written expressing and storing the heritage that the age brought.The to understand the relationship between law and literature one must go back to the origins of law. The concept of law is believed to have originated from Greek philosophy. Greeks aligned the law with writings, rhetorics and speech. Rhe torics was for the purpose of presenting arguments in courts. While the writing was for recording purposes of court proceedings and findings in the early ages.The concept of law about religion was major at the time as the Bible, and sacred texts were the core of Judaism. In the medieval era commonly known as the Middle Ages constituted of the Talmudic studies and techniques of interpretation. The Talmud had become the center of the rabbinic Judaism thus the need more new technologies in the study and interpretation of sacred texts.The new methods of textual analysis were based on the Ashkenazi and Sephardi communities' approach. The two major factors that were to be considered were explanatory and critical. The explanatory technique was meant to decipher the texts and make the language, reasoning, and terminologies more accessible to the scholars. The critical approach would be implemented to eliminate anomalies that were present in the Talmud texts. The critical approach would make the text relevant to the current situation at the time.The new age brought about the desire for knowledge thus an increase in the number of scholars who wanted to attain knowledge. The incoming students did not possess adequate knowledge of the texts and thus the need for simplification through explanation. Jargons were standard thus eliminated and replaced with similar words that would be understood. The texts had multiple contradictions that lead to confusion as well as the fact that they were structured in an ancient manner. The older scholars saw it fit to eliminate contradictions as well as present scenarios in the texts that would be relevant in the current setting. The application of information and in turn the law would only be facilitated by a proper understanding of the text.The transition from classical to middle age philosophies was challenging and it illustrated the strained relationship between Judaism and Greek civilization. One particular breed of philosophers was s ubstantially swayed by Greek ideologies especially about Plotinus and Aristotle. Despite Plato being a famous philosopher with great ideas it was unfortunate that there was no written evidence of his accounts. Platos views and ideas mysteriously vanished. In the search for Plato's ideologies scholars looked for guidance and relevance from Plotinus in regards to Plato's ideas. The researchers looking on to Plotinus were assumed that his views were similar to Plato thus they ignored the concept that Plotinus had differences of opinion of his own and could not provide and objective account of Plato. The lack of objectivity thus presented Plotinus views rather than those of Plato and ultimately burying the Plato philosophies.The second set of philosophers was influenced by Judaism and ultimately Christianity. The religion wa...

1984 Psychological Manipulation Essay - 1568 Words

Controlling the Mind â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU†(Orwell 2), is a saying that surrounds society in the classic novel 1984. The author, George Orwell provides his audience with an abundant amount of themes throughout his writing. One very prominent one is Orwell’s psychological manipulation of his characters. As characters within this society are constantly surrounded by sayings such as, â€Å"WAR IS PEACE†, â€Å"FREEDOM IS SLAVERY†, and â€Å"IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH†(Orwell 4), Orwell shows the ultimate type of control within his characters. Orwell is able to achieve such psychological manipulation in his characters through physical control and the abundance of technology. Without Orwell’s use of telescreens, his characters would be able to have their†¦show more content†¦As Orwell continues Winston’s physical torture, he develops psychological manipulation in Winston as he causes Winston s pain based on his thoughts and actions, as seen when â€Å"without any warning except a slight movement of O Brien s hand, a wave of pain flooded his body. It was a frightening pain, because he could not see what was happening, and he had the feeling that some mortal injury was being done to him.†(Orwell 244), causing Winston to begin agreeing with the Party’s ideals to stop the pain. As Winston’s torture continues, O’Brien claims â€Å"I have it in my power to inflict pain on you at any moment and to whatever degree I choose†(Orwell 245). This causes Winston to believe that O’Brien controls the pain, causing Winston to love O’Brien, as he can stop the pain. Throughout the process it is explained that there are three steps to the psychological manipulation project the government uses, and as O’Brien explains, â€Å"There is learning, there is understanding, and there is acceptance†(Orwell 260). With this, Orwell makes it obvious to the audience what he is doing, by using physical control to create psychological control. Orwell successfully manipulates Winston physiologically through his use of technology and advancements in telescreens, control of history, and control of language. Within the society, Winston is among few who have memories of the past world. While Winston feelsShow MoreRelated Psychological Manipulation in 1984 Essay1914 Words   |  8 Pages Nineteen Eighty-Four, by George Orwell, is a superb novel with outstanding themes. One of the most prominent themes found in this novel is psychological manipulation. Citizens in this society are subject to ever present signs declaring â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU† (Orwell 1). Along with psychological manipulation, physical control takes place. The Party not only controls what people in Oceania think, but what they do as well. Technology is another important theme. Without the constant telescreensRead MoreWhat ´s Psychological Manipulation?814 Words   |  3 Pages Psychological Manipulation Essay Psychological manipulation can affect the lives of many by manipulating their emotions. Finding a way to psychologically manipulate a persons emotions or their thoughts could be a long and tedious process, and can only be mastered by few people. For these people who try to manipulate the behaviors of people will stop at nothing and fight hard to attain their goals. Although these people will stop at nothing to achieve their goal, finding a way to psychologicallyRead MoreCompare and Contrast Essay: Brave New World Versus 19841675 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and Contrast Essay Juan Ignacio Pazmià ±o English 11 â€Å"We cant be confined to one way of thinking, and that terrifies our leaders. It means we cant be controlled. And it means that no matter what they do, we will always cause trouble for them.† (Roth, 2012) Victoria Roth describes the way people act in a society, individuals are different from one another, and therefore have different beliefs, ideas, and thoughts. When a ruler comes into power, he wants to make the whole community thinkRead MoreEssay 19841695 Words   |  7 PagesChoose one of the following essay topics and write a well-developed essay (no less than two typed pages, double-spaced in 12 pt. standard font such as Roman Times or Georgia). This essay is due the first day of school. 1. Describe Winston’s character as it relates to his attitude toward the Party. In what ways might his fatalistic streak contribute to his ultimate downfall? Cite examples from the text to prove your opinions. 2. How does technology affect the Party’s ability to control its citizensRead MoreFreedom vs Security - George Orwell, 19842554 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Freedom vs. Security: 1984, a Mirror of Today’s Governments and their Methods of Mass Control Tanks to technology and, mostly, its applications in the field of communication, governments and business corporations from all around the world have now more power than ever to track and influence what we buy, what we listen to, what we read, what we watch and, ultimately, what we believe. Recent terrorist threats and armed conflicts that have taken place around the globe have prompted a general feelingRead MoreFrancess Kargbo. Mr. Bond-Theriault. 2Nd Period. 22 March1623 Words   |  7 PagesBond-Theriault 2nd period 22 March 2017 1984 By: George Orwell From a new historicism , and psychoanalytic criticism view. â€Å"Big Brother is Watching You† As the future nears, most of humanity is starting to realize that â€Å"2+2=5†(. There is manipulation that occurs constructed by the government to control every aspect of reality, technology taking human jobs, those who control the present write history, social hierarchy, and wars that have no purpose. 1984 by Eric Arthur Blair is known by his penRead MorePower of Speech1450 Words   |  6 Pagesout of place or wrong, people would not question it. Much like in George Orwell’s novel, 1984, the citizens of the utopia had forgotten the history from before it was altered, and the people never questioned it and as a result, the people lived in a society completely controlled by the government, and hardly anyone believed it to be wrong. Without the knowledge of history people are vulnerable to manipulation and control. The absence of written language can also leave a physical impact. In Zora NealeRead MoreComparison between The Chrysalids and Brave New World892 Words   |  4 PagesStage 1 English Studies Extended Study – Connected Texts In this essay I will compare two novels which deal with similar themes but in significantly different ways: â€Å"The Chrysalids†, a science fiction novel by John Wyndham published in 1955 and â€Å"Brave New World†, a novel by Aldous Huxley published in 1932. The story in â€Å"The Chrysalids† takes place thousands of years in the future in a rural society similar to our world before the invention of modern technology such as telephones, cars, etcRead MoreThe Criteria for Good Literature1518 Words   |  7 Pagesabout. A good piece of literature is read and enthralls both the mind and heart. It makes the reader yearn for it and once more read it. Only then is it considered an excellent piece of literature. Based on the above definition of good literature, 1984 by George Orwell meets several of the criteria and can be classified as good literature. First, Orwell develops his characters in a strong powerful way, that as a reader I am able to fully understand them and at time connect to them, but still ponderRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1477 Words   |  6 Pageseating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. They all involve serious disturbances in weight regulation and eating habits, accompanied by adverse effects on social, psychological and physical aspects of one’s life (‘Eating disorders: About more than food’, n.d.). This essay will specifically be focusing on bulimia nervosa, as research shows a higher level of stigma associated with it, compared to other eating disorders (Roehrig McLean, 2009). Bulimia nervosa is characterised

Social institutions Essay Example For Students

Social institutions Essay Social institutions can be found all though out the world. Social institution is a system of statuses, roles, values, and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic societal needs. It may differ from place to place. One good example of a social institution would be found in the film, The Dead Poets Society. It tells about and shows how each of the students at Welton Academy have different ways at handling their set of social institutions. Each student learns with the help of their new teacher, Mr. Keating, that they should be free thinkers and seize the day and not to waste life because it is very precious. Some important institutions that will be viewed are family and education institutions. Family is a very important institution that comes to mind when discussing different types of social institutions. Family is a group of people who are related by marriage, blood, or adoption and who live together and share economic resources. American families are organized by di fferent types of form groups. A nuclear family consists of one or both parents and their children. The nuclear family is the family form that is most recognizable to Americans. Then there is the extended family. The extended family consists of three or more generations of a family sharing the same residence. Nuclear families and extended families often are part of a much larger kinship system. Kinship refers to a network of people who are related by marriage, birth, or adoption. American marriage patterns are usually a monogamy, which means that a marriage of one man to one woman is present. Another American pattern is neolocality which means that a newly married couple is free to set up access of individuals and groups to power and social rewards. From these perspectives we can see the role that each of them takes at Welton Academy. Welton Academy I think would mostly be looked at under the conflict perspective because of how expensive it is to enroll in the school. It limits the b est education to the rich. The school i?s when Charlie wanted to permit girls a Welton and printed an article in the school newspaper. With that event he crossed the line between right and wrong and had to be punished to teach him of his wrongdoing. got hit I also think that with these strict rules, hard entrance rate and high tuition fee limits who can attend the school and usually cuts out all of the bad students that would be disturbance to the operation of the school. The enforcing of norms through either internalization or sanctions is called social control. Agents of social control include authority figures, the police, the courts, religion, the family, and public opinion. The principle means of social control in all societies, though, is self-control, learned through the internalization of norms. When a societygot hit I also think that with these strict rules, hard entrance rate and high tuition fee limits who can attend the school and usually cuts out all of the bad students that would be disturbance to the operation of the school. The enforcing of norms through either internalization or sanctions is called social control. Agents of social control include authority figures, the police, the courts, religion, the family, and public opinion. The principle means of social control in all societies, though, is self-control, learned through the internalization of norms. When a societys methods for ensuring conformity break down, social stability is lost. If people are killing one another, stealing, and fighting in the streets, then social order is jeopardy. Social control is important. No society can survive for long without an effective system of social control. Individuals must follow certain rules of behavior if society is to function smoothly. In the film Mr. Keating tells about the dangers of conformity. He says to be free thinkers and go for your goals in life. He said dont always follow what others do and try o be your own leader. He said that conformity is good to a certain point and be careful not to cross th e line between right and wrong. Some gos also very strict limiting what the students can do.I think that Welton Academy maintains the stability and smooth operation of society by being strict and hard on the students. One incident is Charlie Daytons punishment for trying to permit girls at?od examples in the film of how conformity can be positive or negative is when Charlie Dalton didnt want to walk outside with his class because he wanted to exercise his right of conformity. This was a positive event of conformity. One negative example is when Charlie wanted to permit girls a Welton and printed an article in the school newspaper. With that event he crossed the line between right and wrong and had to be punished to teach him of his wrongdoing. Adolescence is a unique stage in a persons life. The adolescence is caught between two worlds no longer a child and not yet an adult in the eyes of society. Adolescence can be defined as the period between the normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood. Some of the characteristics of adolescence are undefined status, search for self, increased pressure, and problems of suicide. Undefined status means that being an adolescent people are confused on how to treat you. Some treat adolescents like adults while others treat them like children. Adult society seems to have conflicting attitudes toward adolescents. Another characteristic is increased pressure. Adolescents are faced with pressure from many sources such as school, friends, and parents. Parents for instance, generally make rules stating what time their adolescent children must be home, who they can see, and where they can go. Yet parents want their children to be sociable. Yet thus people are under pressure to strike the balance between parental wishes and peer pressure. Adolescents also have pressures put on them in school. They are pressured to attend class, complete assignments, pass tests, and participate in school clubs and activities. One other characteristic that is important is search for self. Adolescence are mature enough to think about themselves and what they want out of life. They can sort through their values and decide what things really are important to them. They can establish personal norms that will guide their behavior. They can set priorities for their lives. One aspect of finding yourself is preparing for future roles. Thus anticipatory socialization is important part of adolescent development. Anticipatory socialization refers to f-control, learned through the internalization of norms. f-control, learned through the internalization of norms. got hit I also think that with these strict rules, hard entrance rate and high tuition fee limits who can attend the school and usu ally cuts out all of the bad students that would be disturbance to the operation of the school. E E Cummings-life And Work EssayThe enforcing of norms through either internalization or sanctions is called social control. Agents of social control include authority figures, the police, the courts, religion, the family, and public opinion. The principle means of social control in all societies, though, is self-control, learned through the internalization of norms. When a societygot hit I also think that with these strict rules, hard entrance rate and high tuition fee limits who can attend the school and usually cuts out all of the bad students that would be disturbance to the operation of the school. The enforcing of norms through either internalization or sanctions is called social control. Agents of social control include authority figures, the police, the courts, religion, the family, and public opinion. The principle means of social control in all societies, though, is self-control, learned through the internalization of norms. When a societys methods for ensuring conformity break down, social stability is lost. If people are killing one another, stealing, and fighting in the streets, then social order is jeopardy. Social control is important. No society can survive for long without an effective system of social control. Individuals must follow certain rules of behavior if society is to function smoothly. In the film Mr. Keating tells about the dangers of conformity. He says to be free thinkers and go for your goals in life. He said dont always follow what others do and try o be your own leader. He said that conformity is good to a certain point and be careful not to cross th e line between right and wrong. Some good examples in the film of how conformity can be positive or negative is when Charlie Dalton didnt want to walk outside with his class because he wanted to exercise his right of conformity. This was a positive event of conformity. One negative example is when Charlie wanted to permit girls a Welton and printed an article in the school newspaper. With that event he crossed the line between right and wrong and had to be punished to teach him of his wrongdoing. Adolescence is a unique stage in a persons life. The adolescence is caught between two worlds no longer a child and not yet an adult in the eyes of society. Adolescence can be defined as the period between the normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood. Some of the characteristics of adolescence are undefined status, search for self, increased pressure, and problems of suicide. Undefined status means that being an adolescent people are confused on how to treat you. Some treat adolescents like adults while others treat them like children. Adult society seems to have conflicting attitudes toward adolescents. Another characteristic is increased pressure. Adolescents are faced with pressure from many sources such as school, friends, and parents. Parents for instance, generally make rules stating what time their adolescent children must be home, who they can see, and where they can go. Yet parents want their children to be sociable. Yet thus people are under pressure to strike the balance between parental wishes and peer pressure. Adolescents also have pressures put on them in school. They are pressured to attend class, complete assignments, pass tests, and participate in school clubs and activities. One other characteristic that is important is search for self. Adolescence are mature enough to think about themselves and what they want out of life. They can sort through their values and decide what things really are important to them. They can establish personal norms that will guide their behavior. They can set priorities for their lives. One aspect of finding yourself is preparing for future roles. Thus anticipatory socialization is important part of adolescent development. Anticipatory socialization refers to learning the rights, obligations, and expectations of a role in preparation for assuming that role at a future date. The last characteristic is the problems of suicide. When most people think of the causes and consequences of suicide, they think in terms of individuals. They see suicide as a personal act that results from psychological factors, such as depression or frustration. Sociologists acknowledge the suicide is more interested in the social factors that affect suicide rates. According to the sociologist view of suicide, variations in suicide rates can be understood by studying the structure of society. One good example from the film that ties all of these different characteristics together would be the Neil Perry incident. Neil wanted to perform and become an actor but his father thought that it was just a waste of time. He told his son that he worked hard and made many sacrifices so that Neil could go to Welton. This placed a ton of pressure on Neil. I also think Neil was afraid of his dad because his dad controlled most of his life. After all this build up of pressure and frustration from his father he couldnt control it and wound up taking his own life.

Sexual Assault Investigation an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Sexual Assault Investigation Sexual assault is one of the most under reported crimes. Both men and women can become victims of sexual assault, although all related statistics are associated with women. Sexual assault is a broad classification for all unaccepted sexual advances or exhibition of sexual desires. It differs from rape which is the gratification of sexual desire by force. The National Crime Victimization Survey data suggests about half a million people had been sexually assaulted between the years 1992-93. More recent surveys like that for 2001, estimates there were around 249,000 sexual assault victims for that year (Online Lawyer, 2008). However these figures are presumed to be too less due to the underreporting factor. A 1992 study suggests that only about 16% of the sexual assaults are brought to the police. Need essay sample on "Sexual Assault Investigation" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The main reason for victims to shy away from reporting these cases is perhaps to avoid the embarrassment of being talked about it in the neighborhood, the media or at least being asked to narrate the happenings before a jury. Although sexual assault is an underreported crime it is however possible for anyone to falsely raise charges of sexual assault, even without any evidence. A charge of sexual assault on someone can be very damaging and can even devastate ones life. Thus sexual assault investigations are very crucial, particularly when the suspect denies charges; and physical evidences are very important in the investigations. The evidences collected against the offender are of varying nature like material evidence, biological evidence, medical evidence etc. and requires the expertise of physicians, laboratory technicians and crime scene investigators to compile them. It has been overwhelmingly observed that most sexual assaults and rapes are committed by people well known to the victim. This aspect of rape has considerable bearing on the investigation and prosecution of the perpetrators (Kilpatrick, 2000). As the identity of the perpetrators are known to the victims in most cases, the investigation here need not be focused on the identification of the suspect or perpetrators. In most cases, the perpetrator would proclaim that the act wasnt a rape, but only a consensual sex. Therefore the investigation should be more directed to counter this position. Known offenders adopt such a stand as it is difficult for them to plead a case of mistaken identity. To prove a sexual act as a case of rape and not a consensual decision, the victim needs to show proof of physical injuries (Estrich, 1987). As most rape victims actually dont receive major physical injuries, the investigators and prosecutors face a difficult task, as absence of injuries is generally p erceived as consenting. Forensic examination may highlight physical injuries that are relevant to forced rape, which may then be used as evidence. The crime investigating officer, at the location of the sexual assault or rape, needs to primarily look to the requirements of the victim, like medical help. The officer needs to interact with the victim and try to boost her morale and confidence, particularly when the victim is in a state of shock or even hysteric. At the initial stage of the rape investigation, the investigator should look for any physical material of the attacker present with the victim. Generally a rape victim would tear the clothes of her attacker, scratch and scar his face or even pull his hair. Thus there is always a chance of the assailants hair, clothes or blood stains on the victim, particularly on her hands and under the nails. It is important to have the clothing of the victim sent for analysis, at the earliest possible, but care should be taken here to ensure that the victim is comfortable and not pained by further embarrassment. The evidence material must be gathered, handled and packed carefully before it is sent to the lab for forensic analysis. The number of people handling the evidence should be minimum and the investigator needs to fix his initials to the evidence for its accuracy. Semen and hair are very valuable physical evidences. A medical examination is part of the rape investigation and should be carried out by a specialist in forensic medicine. The victim would mostly insist on a personal physician performing the exam, which should be strongly discouraged; as personal and private physicians would not have rape investigation experience, or be able to testify in a court to get a conviction. The medical examination would include visual examination of vagina and determination of tissue damage (ASU, 2006). The presence or absence of a rapists sperm is concluded by carrying out a pap smear test. When rape results in the death of the victim, then the examination should also include anus, mouth etc. A forensic medical examination considers a victims body, as a crime scene. Based on the victims version of the incidents, the forensic team collects evidence which can prove, the identity of the perpetrator, and that rape had occurred. When the suspect denies any sexual act with the victim, then DNA or other appropriate material evidence is collected which can prove that the suspect had committed the sexual act. Claims of consensual sex cannot be countered easily and proof of physical injuries is one of the few ways to counter such claims. Newer technology enhances detection of physical injuries, like the use of colposcope. The colposcope is generally used by gynecologists for observation of vulvar or vaginal diseases. The colposcope provides a 30 time magnification of areas like anus, vulva or vagina. Injuries like abrasions and tears that are not visible to the naked eye are observed with the colposcope. Earlier rape examinations without colposcope could establish evidence of genit al injuries in about 19 to 28% of cases. Now with the colposcope about 87% of genital trauma can be established. Crime scene processing involves examining, identifying, recording and collection of physical evidence based on which comparisons, recognition and individualization are later made. Considerable care should be given when evidences are collected and preserved. As plastic enclosures cause moisture formation, all evidence items should be air dried in a room, before packing. This can prevent fungal and bacterial growth. Dry items which are possible biological evidences need to be wrapped first in a clean paper, then put in a paper bag. When biological stains are formed in materials like cloths or rubber, and the items need to be folded prior to packing, then care should be taken to ensure that the specimen area is not folded. Otherwise, the biological material may be damaged and DNA testing would become difficult (Savino, Turvey and Baeza). Solid objects bearing biological material evidence, must have clean paper covering it and sealing the stained area, to prevent contamination or dilutio n of evidence. Victims of a sexual assault need to be brought to a medical facility within 72 hours of incident, where a SANE (Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner) conducts the medical examination. In case the victim is brought after 72 hours, it would help if the victim has not changed clothes or has not showered. It has been established that the best evidence of assault could be gathered when the victim reports within 12 hours of the incident. The evidence collection procedure of the SANE has evolved over the years as a consequence of interactions with investigators, crime lab specialists and attorneys. Today, the collection of evidence is more complete and valid and contributes immensely in charging a suspect. The forensic examiner also collects blood and saliva samples of the victim to differentiate it from that of the perpetrator. Sometimes an extra blood sample of victim may be required for alcohol or drug analysis. This is required when perpetrators claim victims to have agreed under the influence of alcohol or had agreed to have sex in exchange of drugs. When sperm or seminal fluid of the offender is not seen in the victim, then too rape shouldnt be ruled as studies have shown that a good percentage of rapists are sexually dysfunctional or use condoms. Nowadays seminal fluid evidence is more used in determining DNA evidence linking to the suspect. Seminal fluid can also be investigated for prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PAP 30) which are highly concentrated in seminal fluids compared to vaginal fluids. Genital trauma evidence can not only support the victims version of the incident, but also prove that force was indeed used. The position of the genital trauma is related to the body position of the victim during the assault. For instance, when there is injury to external vaginal opening, the woman is most likely to have been raped in missionary position. When a semi-circular cut or scratch is observed in the inner vaginal wall, then a digital penetration is supported (Ledray, 1999). The colposcope plays a vital role in genital trauma examination. Although genital trauma indicates use of force, absence of genital trauma should not be considered as consensual sex. Physical evidence collected in rape cases are directed towards establishing occurrence of penetration, establishing occurrence of nonconsensual sex and establishing identity of the perpetrator. The absence of seminal fluid may also be attributed to several causes like suspect not ejaculating in the vagina, or the medical examination was done after a long time after rape, or the doctor having failed to take a proper sample. Occasionally seminal fluid from a consensual sex would be present, while that from a rape would be absent. In such cases seminal fluid typing would be carried out. Evidences like torn or soiled clothing, bruises, cuts, plucked hair indicate fight or struggle during intercourse, and hence rape (Fischer, 2003). Finger prints, palm prints and even foot prints are valuable clues that help to nail the assailant. Fingerprints from beer cans, cigarettes etc. are required to identify the assailant. For drug aided sexual assault, blood and urine samples are crucial evidence s. Victims who suspect the use of drugs, should not empty their bladders. Substances like GHB (gamma hydroxybutrate) which can easily make a victim unconscious, is eliminated from the blood within six hours but would be detectable in urine after that. When any pills or suspicious powder are found at the rape scene, the investigator should not ignore these. Although physical evidence collection and forensic analysis can help in identifying the assailant, investigators need to be aware of the circumstances and situations to profile the assaulter. As sexual assault are committed on people of both sexes, children, adults and elders; investigators should look for appropriate physical evidences. Similarly experience and expertise is required to identify a serial rape case based on evidence similarity and additional evidence recognition. In child molestation cases, physical evidence are much lesser, and signs like nightmares, bedwetting and urinary infections are considered symptoms of child molestation. Investigators can only look for clues on the childs dress worn during the last assault, if it has not been washed. Beyond this, the investigators are totally dependent on medical observations. Child abuse is identified based on the observations of the pediatrician (Fischer, 2003). Strange bruises, broken bones as revealed by X-rays are import ant to the investigation. Sometimes unhygienic conditions and under nourishment may also be associated. For homosexual assaults, a SANE examines the rectum and takes a swab sample for presence of semen. Here medical examination can not only reveal whether sodomy had occurred, but also confirm if the victim was accustomed to it. Presence of lubricant or feces traces also need to be looked on clothing. To make investigation and prosecution of rape cases more effective, the collective effort and cooperation of several agencies are required. The agencies involved in the investigation and prosecution of sexual assault include the medical personnel, law enforcement personnel, prosecution, correction and victim recovery services. The services are interrelated and a reporting at any point would get all the agencies into action. REFERENCES Augusta State University, Department of Public Safety, Investigating and processing a sexual assault rape call: Initial Steps. (2006) [Electronic Version]. Online Lawyer Source. (2008) Sexual assault victims [Electronic Version] Kilpatrick D.G., National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center. Rape and sexual Assault (2000) [Electronic Version]. Downloaded on 2nd June 2008 from http://www.musc.edu/vawprevention/research/sa.shtml Fischer B.A., Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation CRC Press. (2003) Ledray. L., Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE). Development and Operation Guide, U.S department of Justice, Office of Victims of Crime. (1999) Estrich, S., Real rape. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (1987) Savino J.O., Turvey B.E., and Baeza J.J., Rape Investigation Handbook Academic Press (2004)

Leadership in and Organization

Leadership in and Organization Free Online Research Papers How do your organization’s leaders influence your organization’s culture? How does the leadership of your organization achieve organizational goals? Leadership is the practice of influence that stimulates subordinates or followers to do their best towards the achievement of desired goals. Where there is an organized group of people working towards a common goal, some type of leadership becomes essential. The leader stimulates what is best in us; he unites and concentrates what we feel only groupingly and scatteringly. An organization’s leader influences organization’s culture by building up confidence and zeal among people to move towards the common objectives. A leader influences the behavior, attitude and beliefs of his subordinates. 1.The leader should communicate effectively and follow the principle of motivation. 2.He should listen to his subordinates properly and should consult the group in framing the policies and lines of action. 3.He should implement authority whenever necessary to implement the policies. Good leadership improves motivation and morale of employees. It acts as a motive power to group efforts as it rectifies the imperfectness of the formal organizational relationships. By helping in cooperation and coordination of different departments working in an organization, good and effective leadership helps achieve organizational goals. Can someone who is a leader not be a manager? Why or why not? Can someone who is a manager not be a leader? Why or why not? A leader cannot essentially be a good manager. Because what a manager needs to have, a leader might not possess all the qualities of a good manager. A good manager has the knowledge of the organization, has technical knowledge and administrative ability to instruct and inspire. A leader can inspire people, communicate well and can even secure cooperation but without knowledge of the organization and technical knowledge, he cannot manage the complete organization effectively and efficiently. It is must for a person who is controlling an organization to have the subjective and theoretical knowledge of the work and operations that his organization performs. Moreover, leadership is only a part of management as it includes planning, organizing, leading and controlling. A manager can always be a leader because the definition of a good manager includes a good leader as well. A manager who cannot be a leader is not a good manager then. As we all know, apart from the qualities mentioned above, a manager should have the ability to instruct, inspire and finally lead. A good manager always possesses the qualities of a good leader. Since only good leadership secures effective management, a manager should be able to boost up morale of his subordinates and lead his team of workers. So, a manager can definitely be a good and effective leader. What are some skills that leaders need to possess? How can managers develop leadership skills? A successful leader secures desired behavior from his followers. It depends upon the quality of leadership he is able to provide. A leader to be effective must possess certain basic skills and qualities. Some of them are as follows: 1. Good personality 2. Emotional Stability 3. Sound education and professional competence 4. Initiatives and creative thinking 5. Good understanding and sound judgement 6. Communicating Skills 7. Ability to guide and teach. 8. Courage to accept responsibility 9. Self confidence, diligence and industry. By regular introspection of himself, his work and relations with the employees, by being in constant touch up with the colleagues, by learning from his mistakes and by experience, a manager will learn and develop his leadership skills. By listening to his employees and their innovative ideas and by appreciating their feelings, a manager can learn to be an effective leader. One another essential requirement that a good leader should always possess is honesty and integrity of character. 1.Dont use the power of your position to get things done 2.Dont think of employees as things that need to be controlled or managed 3.Judge your success by the success of your team 4.Include humour in your diet while managing people How has management changed due to the increased role of globalization? Would a good leader in one country automatically be a good leader in another country? What characteristics should a leader have to make them successful globally? The changing economic world is throwing new challenges to the managers. The management concepts and practices are shaping ‘tomorrow’s history’. A number of challenges are taking place which are influencing the work of managers. One of them is Globalization. GLOBALIZATION: Most of the countries have opened up their borders to foreign products as well as foreign producers. The companies of developed countries are foreign countries by opening manufacturing facilities there. It involves an active international involvement by the company and most importantly, the managers. Now, the change has led the management to license or franchise to another firm the right to use its brand name, technology or product specifications which ultimately has led to create great burden on the managers. Managements of global companies are adjusting their organizational structures as per the requirements of the situation. The managers are being taught to be global in approach. A good leader in one country is not automatically a good leader in another country. Even though due to universality of principles of management, a leader might not have any problems in managing people (employees). But due to changed economic, political, social and cultural environment, a manager is bound to have some problems in managing work, customers and operations. The different regulations of the political system, different taste of consumers and different standard of living is for sure are big problems for a manager to deal with. That is why companies going global prefer to hire the manager of the country that are entering their operations into since that manager will be familiar to his home markets and consumers’ tastes. Characteristic of a successful global leader are: 1.Possessing A Global Mind Growth 2.Having the Necessary Competencies, Abilities and Emphasizing Meritocracy 3.Having the Character or Ballast 4.Having Creative, Innovative and Refreshing Approaches to Solve Problems 5.Being Positive 6.Co-operating and Collaborating 7.Being Culturally Sensitive and Empathetic CONCLUSION: Leaders just have to grow their teams as companies. Organizations and nations have to look for various ways to harness knowledge and respond faster to overcome difficult times. The overall challenge here is not only to design fresh and innovative approaches, maintaining high output/ sales and high touch with both employees and customers alike, but also creating or having successful work teams/ units, resilient Companies, and successful societies. Research Papers on Leadership in and OrganizationMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesBringing Democracy to AfricaThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementWhere Wild and West MeetResearch Process Part One

Ominivore's Dilemma Book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ominivore's Dilemma Book - Essay Example im that it is actually the combination of obesity and myriad other health problems which accompany obesity like hypertension, fatigue, and decreased physical activity, which lead to the development of full blown cardiovascular complications. In response to the alarming rate by which morbid and moderate obesity is seen increasing in surgery patients, research was carried out recently by Park et al. (2011) to assess the impact of obesity on specific perioperative outcomes like myocardial infarctions and long-term outcomes like renal dysfunction. The theme of this research is that though obesity plays a major role in independently raising risk factor for diseases like coronary artery disease (CAD), secondary hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, still it should not be thought of as an independent risk factor for adverse perioperative and long-term clinical results following surgeries like aneurysm repair. Many conventional thinking based articles and talkshow hosts blame obesity to be independently related to not just some specific diseases but almost all major clinical complications. Though this leads people to adopt precautionary measures against obesity, but such an action comes at cost of development of a great confusio n in society. People have a right to know that obesity does not play the role of an independent risk factor for every disease every time. Diaz et al. (2009) also claim that morbid obesity never turns up as an independent risk factor for mortality in seriously ill trauma patients. The research conducted by Diaz et al. (2009) on trauma patients was to assess all the risk factors which posed highest risk for death. Among all such risk factors, obesity got out ruled for independently being capable enough to cause death in trauma patients. Whether obesity be seen as a primary cause of a disease or simply as an aggravating factor, fact is that even cardiovascular diseases develop due to certain excess morbidity associated with obesity like lack of

Irish revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Irish revolution - Essay Example Among other revolutionaries, this essay bases its discussion on the Irish Revolutionary, looking at its outcomes, the great revolutions of the French and Dutch and on the other extreme side of the failed revolutions of the Dutch patriot crisis and the Irish rebellion. Eventually, this varied revolutionary gives a clear difference (Fitzpatrick 38). The French and the Dutch revolution took five main phases and each phase brought with it changes. The French revolution, known as the great revolutionary, because of its success, started in 1789 and ended in 1815. The French revolution brought about changes such as the creation of a new political order. The French government abolished any special power and treatment offered to the nobles and the clergy, feudal dues, game laws, jurisdiction of the noblemen, and the privileges given to the provinces and towns. Therefore, this new political order led to equal powers among all citizens. This first French revolution brought about a new positive change, which resulted in the replacement of the rebellion leaders with the leaders who accepted the new revolution and change. The French revolution caused several impacts on the western countries. ... The men acquired more property despite their social rank and political rank (Fitzpatrick 110). The revolution left a major legacy in the political field. Citizens had the authority to participate highly in the political affairs since they became the highest source of political authority in the state. In addition, the revolution brought created an expansion of the government powers, which was able to cater for the everyday life activities for each citizen. Finally, the revolution also contributed to the giving rise of the two opposing powers of the government, which included the liberal government and the nationalist government. Therefore, the French and the Dutch revolution have influenced the governments and the societies of Europe. Many changes have followed this revolution. Such changes include, change in boundaries, change of the traditional rule. Constitutional reforms also took place and new laws created (Fitzpatrick 371). The French revolution has continued to have force even in the new 19th century. On the other hand, the Irish rebellion and the Dutch patriots set up a revolution, which failed. The Irish uprising broke out in 1798 and it resulted from the resentment from the oppression of the catholic leaders from Irish by the government of the British. The catholic dominated population of Ireland became subject to the ant-catholic laws, rule of the British government and it led to the division of the Irish into several groups, and thus Ireland became divided by the England rule. The emergence of the French revolution had caused unity among the Irish people. After the declaration of war between the British and France, the Irish and the British governments decided to do away with the organization because they became afraid of

Dear Junior Admin Essay Example for Free

Dear Junior Admin Essay There are several things to check and several things that could be wrong. I would start by making sure that you have your ranges of IP addresses right and that you didn’t mistype any numbers. Check your exclusions and be sure that your new ranges don’t fall in between the old ranges that were there before if you had any for the last set. You can also check the workstations that didn’t take the changes individually. Be sure that they don’t have static IP address set for those computers. If they do, then change them to dynamic and restart the computers. If they have the dynamic bullet check then open up a command prompt and ping the server. If you get no response use the ipconfig commands. Release the IP addresses with the IP release command and then use the ip renew command. If the workstations still do not work after trying the previous suggestions you can always assign your workstations using static IP addressing. It will be time consuming but with only twenty five workstations it shouldn’t be too overwhelming. If the first suggestions do not work and you simply don’t want to do all the work of using static ip addresses then you can always start over and try putting in the new configurations again. The second time around be sure to restart your server and restart all of your workstations so the new changes will take effect. You may have to do it at a time when the company can afford the network to be all the way down for a few hours.

Liberals :: Liberalism Politics Political Philosophy Essays

Liberals Ronald Beiner, Professor of Political Science at the University of Toronto investigates liberalism by considering the communitarian critics of it and different opinions of liberalists. He describes the critics of liberalism of Michael Sandel, Charles Taylor, Michael Walzer, and Alasdair MacIntyre. These community defenders think that all experiences of communtiy aren’t so morally desirable, but if people are looking at the world only in an individualistic way, they find themselves on a narrow horizon of experiences. Beiner also makes us understand the difference between left and right liberalists. Beiner is against the opinon that the liberalism refers to a particular relation between the state and the individual and he thinks that it’s a view of human life, which leaves people alone to do what they want freely, and in that sense the one in which society doesn’t guide people to give meaning to their life. He gives the painting example stating ‘the world without furniture’ as the main point. I believe that Beiner’s understanding of liberalism is wrong and I will tell you what a liberal is, what liberals wa nt and what they expect from the government. Liberal means ‘favorable to or in accord with concepts of maximum individual freedom possible, especially as guaranteed by law and secured by governmental protection ofcivil liberties’ (Kennedy, pars. 3-4). John F. Kennedy states that â€Å"liberal is not someone against the government and who is uncorned with the taxpayer’s dollar. It means someone who looks ahead not behind, someone who welcomes new ideas without rigid reactions, someone who cares about the welfare of people† (pars. 1-2). Liberals want to change things to increase personal freedom and tolerance, and are willing to empower government to the extent necessary to achieve those ends. This is against the idea of Beiner about what liberalism is. They want to help individuals to take more control over their own lives. This requires environment where choices are not arbitrarily removed. Also enough information should be offered so that choices can be understood and made intelligently. Alan Brinkley states that â€Å"this also requires giving people responsibility and encouraging self-reliance within a social framework† (par. 8). Liberals see the role of government as providing a framework within which individuals can develop their lives and contribute to society.

Mass Marketing and Mass Customization Essay

1. Stragetic Marketing In its strategic role, marketing focuses on business’s intentions in a market and the means and timing of realizing those intentions. The strategic role of marketing is quite different from marketing management, which deals with developing, implementing, and directing programs to achieve designated intentions 1.1 Concept of strategic marketing As shown above, the marketing function plays at different levels in the organization. At the corporate level, marketing inputs (competitive analysis, market dynamics, and environmental shifts) are essential for formulating a corporate strategic plan. Marketing represents the boundary between the marketplace and the company, and knowledge of current and emerging happenings in the marketplace are extremely important in any strategic planning exercises. At the other end of the scale, marketing management deals with the formulation and implementation of marketing programs to support the perspectives of strategic marketing, referring to marketing strategy of a product/market. This time, marketing strategy is developed at the business unit level. Marketing’s Role in the Organization Organizational level Role of Marketing Formal Name Corporate Provide customer and competitive perspective for corporate strategic planning Corporate marketing Business unit Assist in the development of strategic perspective of the business unit to direct its future course Strategic marketing Product/market Formulate and implement marketing programs Marketing management Together, the strategic three Cs form the marketing strategy triangle. All  three Cs-customer, corporation, and competition- are dynamic, living creatures with their own objectives to pursue. If what the customer wants doesn’t match the needs of the corporation, the latter’s long-term viability may be at stake. Positive matching of the needs and objectives of customer and corporation is required for a lasting good relationship. But such matching is relative, and if the competition is able to offer a better match, the corporation will be at a disadvantage over time. In other words, the matching of needs between customer and corporation must not only be positive, it must be better or stronger than the match between the customer and the competitor. When the corporation’s approach to their customer is identical to that of the competition, the customer cannot differentiate between them. The result could be a price war that may satisfy the customer’s but not t he corporation’s needs. In summary, marketing strategy, in terms of these three key constituents, must be defined as an endeavor by a corporation to differentiate itself positively from its competitors, using its relative corporate strengths to better satisfy customer needs in a given environmental setting. 1.2 Example for marketing strategy 1.2.1 Around the World There are a lot of corporations succeed in marketing strategy. The most highlight one is Samsung. Just a few years ago Samsung was struggling to catch up in the smartphone market. Now it makes more of them than anybody else and has Apple on the back foot, in addition to being the world’s largest technology company by revenue. Samsung’s aggression has gotten it into trouble in the past, losing a high profile case to Apple for imitating its design. But the reputation hit and the fine were a small price to pay. The company pivots and produces quickly, coming out with a variety of devices. It sees what the market responds to, pushes successes, and kills failures. And now, rather than just providing a cheaper and lesser iPhone, it’s differentiated itself with larger screens, different features, successful marketing, and delivering what consumers want. The Note is a perfect example. The company found through market research that Asian-language speakers in particular wa nted a device that they could hand-write on, because drawing characters is easier with a pen. The result was a combination phone/tablet (â€Å"phablet†) that’s been an unexpected hit. 1.2.2 Vietnam In Vietnam, the marketing strategy has just started in 2006 (as Vietnam joined WTO). Therefore, marketing strategy could count on the fingers of one hand. But there still are some corporations do that. As we know they are ICP, THP, and Vinamilk†¦ To Vinamilk, at the beginning, Vinamilk just paid their intension in distribution. But later, the most important thing that they concerned about is to build the trust and quality (especially after the melamine incident) As the quality is acquired, Vinamilk makes a further step forward in building the trust in their customers. In order to do that, they aim to produce milk from domestic initiative through developing and supporting farmers in their dairy herds. After the melamine incident, it makes a positive impact on Vinamilk. So that Vinamilk can make a further step to increase customers’ awareness in products’ quality. In 2011, Vinamilk went in making trust by cooperating with well-known milk and nutrition research center s. In that way, Vinamilk can be more proactive in meeting the milk and nutrition which suited the Vietnamese. 2. Mass marketing 2.1 Definition Mass marketing is a market strategy in which a firm decides to ignore market segment differences and appeal the whole market with one offer or one strategy. Companies use mass marketing to promote a single product or service to as many people as possible without differentiating how various segments of the market might respond. For example, a fast-food chain might offer the same hamburger promotion at all of its franchises to create a demand for its new product. The idea is to broadcast a message that will reach the largest number of people possible. By reaching the largest audience possible, exposure to the product is maximized. In theory, this would directly correlate with a larger number of sales or buy in to the product. It is the technique of trying to spread our marketing message to anyone and everyone who are willing to listen. It enables us to reach a wide range of services to take any job that comes on our way. Some examples of mass marketing strategies would be direct mail, yellow page ads, billboards, radio ads, free dinner seminars, etc A mass market is a general population which can be targeted at wide for the sales and marketing of a product. A  mass market is broad in nature and is not categorized by demographics. For example – Automobiles – cars and two wheelers, usually target the mass markets with heterogeneous ages, locations and preferences. . However these mass markets can be further diversified into smaller segments. Products which target a mass market generally vary their promotion strategies according to the market. Example – An automobile company or a telecom company targets a mass market. However each individual might have a different preference for automobiles or telecom service providers. Does within the mass market, there exist individual segments. A smart marketer will try to promote his product to the biggest chunk of the mass market. For example – In soft drinks, Pepsi is targeting the youth, but on the other hand coke is targeting whole families through defining values. Thus coke has a bigger market and it is a more widely recognized brand when compared to Pepsi. 2.2 Purpose The purposes of undifferentiated marketing are several. Mass marketing focuses on high sales and low prices. It aims to provide products and services that will appeal to the whole market.It announces the presence of your small business and products to the general public and attracts as many eyes to the brand as possible. By doing so, it allows you to gauge which segments of the market are most interested in your brand and adjust your marketing to target them more specifically. Mass marketing also saves the expense of market research and targeted campaigns by allowing you to reach the market as a whole and fine tune your efforts later on once revenue is comfortably consistent.Henry Ford realized this when he created the Model T. Before him, the automobile was a niche product for the wealthy. Ford developed a vehicle that was accessible to all and made millions. The reason mass marketing strategies work at all is because at any given time, there is approximately 3 percent of the market that is actively looking for what it is you have to offer. For example, 3 percent of people are actively in the market, as we speak, for a new car, a new home or maybe even a new advisor. Mass marketing strategies rely on this 3 percent to give you a return on your investment. To be successful utilizing these strategies, you have to invest a significant amount of time and money upfront to see any response. Many advisors spend a lot of years and money competing with other advisors in their market over this small â€Å"need help now† market. 2.3 Background Mass marketing has its origins in the 1920s with the inception of mass radio use. This gave corporations an opportunity to appeal to a wide variety of potential customers. Due to this, variety marketing had to be changed in order to persuade a wide audience with different needs into buying the same thing. It has developed over the years into a worldwide multi-billion dollar industry. Although sagging in the Great Depression it regained popularity and continued to expand through the 40s and 50s. It slowed during the anti-capitalist movements of the 60’s and 70’s before coming back stronger than before in the 80’s, 90’s and today. These trends are due to corresponding upswings in mass media, the parent of mass marketing. For most of the twentieth century, major consumer-products companies held fast to mass marketing- mass-producing, mass distributing and mass promoting about the same product in about the same way to all consumers. Mass marketing creates the largest potential market, which leads to lowered costs. It is also called overall marketing. 2.4 Products For certain types of widely consumed items such asnecessities, furniture, artwork, automobiles, residential communities, soft drinks and personal computers,†¦mass marketing approach makes the most sense. Typically, things which are perceived to be necessary to the consumer are subject to mass marketing. Resources of mass marketing provide cost-effective marketing solutions for small and micro businesses, including start-ups. For example, toothpaste isn’t marketed to one particular market segment.It is sold in huge quantities. A company or individual who manufactures toothpaste wishes to get more people to buy their particular brand over another. The goal is that when a consumer has the option to select a tube of toothpaste, he would remember the product that was marketed. Often, this type of general appeal is supported by positive, emotional settings, and a great many reinforcers at the point of purchase. Walk through any supermarket, and you will observe hundreds of food products that are perceived as nearly identical by the consumer and are treated as such by the producer, especially generic items. Many mass marketed items are considered staple items. These are items people  are accustomed to buying new when their old ones are used up. Even â€Å"products† like politicians and services from professions such as law, chiropractic and medicine, are subject to mass marketing. A company that sells affordably priced products that appeal to a wide variety of consumers. Mass market retailers are not necessarily known for selling durable, high-quality merchandise or for having exceptional customer service, but they do meet consumers’ wants and needs, at reasonable prices. Examples of mass market retailers include big box stores such as Target, Sam’s Club and Best Buy, as well as brands like Levi Strauss and Gap, and e-retailers like Amazon. Supermarket, drugstore, mass merchandise and warehouse chains, are all considered mass market retailers. 2.5 Shotgun Approach The shotgun theory is an approach of mass marketing. It involves reaching as many people as you can through television, cable and radio. On the Web, it refers to a lot of advertising done through banners to text ads in as many websites as you can, in order to get enough eyeballs that will hopefully turn into sales. An example of shotgun marketing would be to simply place an ad on primetime television, without focusing on any specific group of audience. A shotgun approach increases the odds of hitting a target when it is more difficult to focus. 2.6 Strategy â€Å"All things to all people† It is the technique of trying to spread our marketing message to anyone and everyone who are willing to listen. A truckload of general advertising is done to the mass market in the hope that some of them will hit a target. It enables us to reach a wide range of services to take any job that comes on our way; and ultimately we become a â€Å"jack of all trades and a master of none†. Mass marketing quite simply targets the masses without any concern over addressing different needs and desires of different segments of the population. Mass marketing can be effective for products that are helpful to the majority of people. Advertisers often combine more than one type of ad around a single theme or slogan to help the product become more familiar with consumers. Companies aim mass marketing at the total market for a particular product. With an un-segmented strategy a firm develops a single marketing mix – one combination of product, price, promotion and  distribution. Compan ies that adopt mass marketing take an undifferentiated approach that assume that all customers in the market have similar need and wants that can be reasonably satisfied with a single marketing program. Coca-Cola, for example was available in only one flavor and in one type of bottle. Another example of mass marketing was Henry Ford’s offer to consumers of only one car Model-T in just one color. 2.7 Advantages and disavantages 2.7.1 Advantages Product Life Cycle A mass marketing approach may offer an advantage in cases where a product has reached the end of its life cycle. A product’s life cycle charts its course within a consumer market, from its first appearance on the market to increasing sales followed by its eventual decline in popularity or demand. A decline in sales typically marks the end of a product’s life cycle, regardless of what type of marketing approach you used. At the beginning of the life cycle, businesses may use mass marketing approach to obtain the most sales possible from targeted consumer markets. Once sales start to slow, these marketing approaches show little potential for increasing sales. By using mass marketing approach at the end of a product’s life cycle, businesses may increase the likelihood of sales by making a product available to other market sectors. Economies of scale When applying the mass marketing approach, the companies are able to produce in large scale. This requires that companies have to invest in the modern equipment, improve leadership. Moreover, the production processes need to be standardized in order to gain the economies of scale. For example: Advertising messages by mass media can reach millions of viewers in a single showing, and economies of scale make mass distribution cheaper than regional deliveries Spreading of risk When investment in capital is scattered, the companies can minimize changes of demand. For example, if one segment is crashed, this is likely to be compensated by other segments. Brand awareness and value When applying mass marketing approach, your brand will appear in many segment markets. This will help your company build a strong brand. For example: Hoang Anh Gia Lai has been a wood manufacturing company since 1990. In 2009, this company invested in estate and succeeded quickly thanks to this famous brand 2.7.2 Disadvantage Marketing cost When applying mass marketing approach, companies have to implement the promotion strategies such as: advertising, public relation (PR). For example: when introducing toothpaste product P/S, Unilever implements advertising campaign on national television channels, even on local television channels. According to experts, brands that are as large as P/S, are advertised 30-40 times in a single day on VTV3 channel. The price of a single advertising range is between 7 million vnd to 40 million vnd in accordance with advertising time. It is just a single channel; in fact, P/S has also been advertised on VTV1, VTV2, and many local channels such as DRT†¦ And in addition, Unilever also has to pay for banner cost, labor cost†¦ And P/S is also a single Unilever’s product. Therefore, Unilever spends millions of dollar a day on advertising. Research and development cost and fierce completion Today, technology has become the most important factor in business. This factor is vital factor especially for market leaders. In many cases, the new products of competitor are able to dominate market, even are able to make your products disappear. For example: Kodak is a photography company. While Kodak is competing with Fuji, a photography company from Japan, the invention of digital camera almost makes those companies to be in bankruptcy. Another example, Unilever and many detergent manufacturers are anxious about the invention of ultrasonic washing machine. This may lead to the disappearance of Omo (products of Unilever) Market research cost Today, when the supply of many commodities overcomes the demand, the society changes from manufacturer society to consumptive society. The marketing concept also changes. The manufacturers, now, have to find out the needs of customer, and try to satisfy them. The manufacturers no longer pay attention  about how to find out markets to sell their products, therefore, they try to produce as much as possible. And in order to satisfy diverse needs, companies have to spend much time and money on market research activities such as population census, level of economic growth, demography, culture, polity, national policy†¦ 3 Mass customization 3.1 Definition Mass customization was first popularized in 1993 by B. Joseph Pine II in his book â€Å"Mass Customization – The new Frontier in Business competition† and defined as â€Å"developing, producing, marketing and delivering affordable goods and services with enough variety and customization that nearly everyone finds exactly what they want† Indeed, mass customization did not become a tangible innovative business trend until the second half of the 2000’s thanks to rapid manufacturing and information technologies and more structured customer-manufacturer interaction methods A completed definition appeared. Mass customization, in marketing, manufacturing and management, is the use of flexible computer-aided manufacturing systems to produce custom output. Those systems combine the low unit costs of mass production processes with the flexibility of individual customization. Mass customization has become particularly important within the fashion industry, where ther e is an increasing demand for personalized clothes, handbags, shoes etc. 3.2 Characters of mass customization †¢ It is an evolution of mass production, which seeks to answer customers’ needs, requirements and wishes for having individualized and personalized goods and services. This also implies the production of high quantity at low costs. †¢ It leverages on new information technologies and innovative manufacturing processes to ensure high volumes at low cost; It produces goods and services to meet individual customer’s needs with near mass production efficiency† 3.3 Key success factors of mass customization Customer sensitivity. Refers to customer demands for individualized and customized products, which depends on two main factors: 1) Degree of customer’s sacrifices (how much he is willing to pay and how long he is willing to wait); 2) Firm’s ability to produce according to customer’s  specifications within a reasonable time and cost limits. Process amenability. Manufacturing technology and information technologies must be available for mass customization systems and products must be designed to be customizable. Competitive environment. Market conditions will support competitive environment. Being the first to implement mass customization in a particular industry may lead to gaining competitive advantage but when mass customization becomes more common, there are fewer opportunities to achieve that. Organizational readiness. Organizational readiness refers to the firm’s attitudes, culture and resources. The firm’s management should be open to new ide as and aggressive in competitive advantage and the promotion of a culture through the development of networks, new products and process technologies. 3.4 Example In 1996, Dell drew people’s attention to completely-new computer marketing strategy called â€Å"Build-to-order†: Marketers must first consult with customers to determine their requirements, then realize exactly what customers need and finally, use the information in product design processes. Dell Computer was also eager to use this method very successfully in building a database for their website. They allowed individual customers to assemble and purchase computers and accessories directly via the website www.dell.com. In 2000, Dell’s revenue reached $ 50 million per day. In 2001, Dell surpassed IBM to become the multinational computer technology company having the largest market share in the world. The success of Dell shows trends and demands to shift from mass production to mass customization. A typical example can be found easily through fast food outlets providing â€Å"burger† and chips at a low price. However, until 1995, this model became backward to market growth. Therefore, McDonald’s quickly shifted from mass production to customer requirements. McDonald’s added meatballs, pizza, sandwich, apple pies and ice cream to their menus. Moreover, the menu is suitable for each country and is written in many languages. For example about Big Macs (hamburgers sold by McDonald’s) in India where the majority of people are Islamic, pork is replaced with lamb on the menu, and drinks also diversify with beer and wine beside Coca Cola , Pepsi and 7 Up . The size of the glass also varies by regions: large glasses of water in the U.S. and smaller glasses in Asian countries. The present success of McDonald all  over the world shows a good change in their strategy. 3.5 Advantages and disadvantages 3.5.1 Advantages Benefits to the economy Applying the method â€Å"build to order†, no goods are actually made until the buyers send an order. Unwanted and out-of-date products, which are wasted to our limited resources, are eliminated. Because mass customization uses â€Å"build-to-order†, which requires a very short lead time from the receipt of the customer’s order to the delivery of the product, speedy response and perfect coordination of all types of input is necessary. Therefore, it would be suitable for the company’s functional departments such as procurement, manufacture, assembly and logistics to be addressed which market nears the customer. Specalization will save our resources because it reduces cost and time despite of mass production. Blue-collar workers (people who do physical work in industry) in developed countries will benefit as they have more jobs in their local without going to any far countries. Manufacturers, who always want to sell to large populations of developing countri es, believe that their local subsidiaries are able to independently meet the needs of that market without direct producing from parent company. Therefore, developing economies will also benefit as more knowledge-based jobs moved to their countries. Benefits to manufacturers By applying mass customization and â€Å"build to order† strategies, products are only manufactured when a customer order is received. As nothing is produced until an order is received, there are huge saved successes to be harvested by eliminating of unsold goods, goods in process and raw materials. In the case of Dell, payment is collected upfront when the customised order is received. Therefore, the company’s cash flow position improves and financial risk is reduced. Tseng and Jiao (1996) pointed out that in high volume production; mass production shows an advantage due to the economy of scale. However, with low to medium volume production, where production quantity cannot give remarkable result to buyer’s profits, customers are willing to pay more because their special and divers needs are satisfied. Consequently, small and medium enterprises, that have difficulty achieving economy of  scale, have the most to gain from mass customisation. In taking a custome r order, closed information about the customer’s preferences is collected thus generating a profile of the customer. By keeping profiles of all customers in a database, the company is able to design a â€Å"customised marketing† strategy for each individual customer. More importantly, knowledge of the customer’s profile allows the company to better manage the relationship it has with the customer. This stage also helps the company reduce the cost for market research. Benefits to customers The most obvious benefit to the customers is that goods that can meet the exact needs and wants of an individual are available at prices comparable to those of standard mass produced goods. Fiore et al. (2001) state that in the fashion apparel industry, the process of configuring and designing clothes by themselves proves to be a stimulating experience. The sheer novelty, intriguing application of advanced technology such as body scanning and pleasure from involvement in the creative process may prove as desirable as the apparel itself. As build to order becomes the norm in industry, customers can expect shorter lead-time to delivery. Long wait for goods due to out of stock situation would no longer occur. 3.5.2 Disadvantages Drawbacks for the customers A major concern of customers is whether there would be higher prices for customised product. In short to medium term, pricing would likely be higher than mass produced goods. In the longer term, when mass customisers compete among themselves, prices are expected to fall. A key disadvantage of customised goods is the difficulty in comparing between suppliers. Different suppliers rarely offer the same options for their goods. Therefore, some benefits of sharing information between customers are lost. Consequently, the lack of comparison and competition may result in higher prices for customised products than mass-produce ones. Suppliers are likely to apply value-based pricing rather than cost-based pricing. In value-based pricing, price is set based on the feeling value that customers think about goods. In cost-based pricing, the price is set based on the actual cost of production. However, this disadvantage to the customer is an advantage to the manufacturer who gains a higher profit on customised product. Because the  customer is given multiple choices product, identifying the real cost of the customized product may prove difficult. When the number of product options increases, so does the complexity of cost estimation. To separate the risk of costing, manufacturers may place higher profit on all features of the products. Lack of product knowledge by some customers may result in wrong details and unwanted products. There is also increase in the performance of the customised product due to lack of comparison. Helping customer to learn how to configure the products is an additional unpredicted cost. Entering into the privacy of customers can be a major concern. Personal information is extracted during product detail stage and set database. The information is then sold to other suppliers without previous agreement of the customers; this company may have to be faced with punishment. Drawbacks for manufactures & the economy Although there are many substantial researches into the subject, there are very few actual successful organisations that a working framework can be modelled coherently. A key problem of mass customisation is deciding on the options for customers. Gilmore and Pine (1997a) warned that customisation options should be restricted to limit options for customers to choose, in order to avoid wasteful efforts. Another difficulty is too definite the amount that the customer is willing to pay for functional goods. Mass customisation faces the hard task of changing their organisational structure and culture. When the progress go wrongly, factory productivity and capacity planning can be seriously affected. The complexity of supporting multiple types of product can result in increased cost due to: lower worker, higher machinery cost and higher inventories of goods in process and finished goods. Other concerns are constant re-training demand, production delays and product quality issues. Substanti al investment in information technology is required to create the close relation between all organisation’s value chain and external suppliers and intermediaries. As information technology becomes obsolete (out-of-date) fairly quick, keeping the information infrastructure can increase cost. Approriate market players, whose strategy is to focus on small part of the market, will be the biggest losers. Mass customisation organisations are able to enter all parts of the market, at mass production pricing. Market manufacturers that do not change will not survive. Michael  Cox, chief economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, in concurrence with Toffler lamented that â€Å"If you don’t customize, you’re going to lose business in today’s marketplace.† (Wall Street Journal, April 29, 1999, pp. A1). Finally, we may have a remarkable situation, where the market is dominated by a few super efficient mass customisation organisations. Entering into the privacy of customers can be a major concern. Personal information is extracted during product detail stage and set database. The information is then sold to other suppliers without previous agreement of the customers; this company may have to be faced with punishment. 4 Mass Marketing and Mass Customization 1. Goal -to appeal to an entire market, create the largest potential market and reach the highest turnover. -Delivering goods and services at prices low enough that nearly everyone can afford them. -to meet consumers’ diverse and changing needs at near mass production prices. -Delivering affordable goods and services with enough variety and customization that nearly everyone finds exactly what they want. 2. Strategy -using one basic marketing strategy to approach the entire market. -using different methods designed to target each specific population segment. Because Mass Marketing is a market coverage technique that does not distinguish or recognize any substantial differences between customer segments, it only use one basic marketing (single marketing mix) strategy by utilizing mass distribution and mass promotion to appeal the entire market place. On the contrary, mass customization uses many different methods to satisfy each specific customer segment. There are 4 types of mass customization (which are Collaborative Customization, Adaptive Customization, Transparent Customization and Cosmetic Customization) and in each type; the company has different ways to communicate with customers. For Collaborative Customization, the company works in partnership with individual customers to develop precise product offerings to best suit each  customer’s needs. For Adaptive Customization, the company produces standardized products that are customizable by the end-user. Transparent Customization is where the company provides unique products to individual customers without overtly stating the products are customized. And Cosmetic Customization produces standardized products but market the products in different ways to various customers. 3. Tools -utilizing mass distribution and mass media. -using technologies such as computerization, internet, product modularization, and lean production. Mass marketing tries to spread the marketing message to anyone and everyone who are willing to listen and let its products/services known by the greatest number of people so that it can reach potential customers. Therefore, mass media and mass distribution are good tools for the strategy. Businesses can reach the mass market with advertising messages through a variety of media. Radio is the oldest mass market medium. Television quickly took a dominant role as the mass medium of choice of a large number of businesses. Television remained the most effective means of reaching mass market audiences until innovations in technology and the Internet began to change the game around the turn of the 21st century. Newspapers are also a traditional mass market medium, although not as effective as radio or television due to the regional or biased nature of individual publications. Mass customization concentrates on using technologies (such as computerization, internet, product modularization, and lean production) in order to make products that really meet customer’s needs and be able to quickly produce an item only when an order is received. 4. Products -standardized products built to inventory. -long product life cycles -standardized modules assembled based on customers’ needs. -short product life cycles Mass marketing aims to attract all kinds of buyers by producing and distributing the one best product at the lowest possible price; no product  is made specially for one person or a group of people. Therefore, the products must be standardized to make sure that the vendor can sell their goods to a large number of customers. Typically, things which are perceived to be necessary/essential to the consumer are subject to mass marketing. It focuses on products that have little change in customer’s demand, so the life cycles of products are long. In mass customization, products are made to satisfied different customer segment, it also have standardization but for modules to be assembled and made complete products based on customer’s need. Because the mass customization produces goods in response to volatile market demand, the life cycles of products is short. 5. Economics -Economies of scale. -Economies of scope and customer integration. An economy of scale means the decrease in unit cost of a product or service resulting from large-scale operations and it plays an important role in mass marketing. When applying the mass marketing approach, the companies are able to produce in large scale. Advertising messages broadcast over mass media can reach millions of audiences in a single showing, and economies of scale make mass distribution cheaper than regional deliveries. Economies of scope are conceptually similar to economies of scale. Whereas economies of scale for a firm primarily refers to reductions in the average cost (cost per unit) associated with increasing the scale of production for a single product type, economies of scope refers to lowering the average cost for a firm in producing two or more products. In mass customization, the product customization concepts and design schemes are determined and agreed between customers and manufacturers. Moreover, by sharing demand and supply information, supply chain partn ers can better utilize production resources in response to volatile market demand. The integration of customer in manufacturing really helps to make products with reasonable and affordable prices. 6. Customer involvement -customers are passively involved in the value chain. -customers are actively integrated into the value chain. In Mass Marketing, products are made before there are orders from customers and they just receive products’ information through mass media like newspaper, TV or internet; then make decisions to buy goods or not. In other words, mass marketing is where the vendor offers a product on a ‘take it or leave it’ basis, so customers are passively involved in the value chain. In Mass Customization, there are many applications including software-based product configurations that allow end-users to add and/or change certain functionalities of a core product. This involvement of the customer in the design and production stage means that the customer becomes a â€Å"prosumer† as described by futurologist Alvin Toffler in the 1970 book, ‘Future Shock’. The â€Å"prosumer† is producer and consumer in concert, defining and producing the product. This type of customization is called Collaborative customization and the customers are really involved in the value chain of products. 7. Type of business -big enterprises. -small and medium enterprises. To carry out a mass marketing strategy, a company must have a strong finance to pay for heavy advertising costs, establishing brands and. The company has to pay a large amount of money on mass media for keep its image in public eyes. Whereas, in mass customization, thanks to the build-to-order method (products are only manufactured when a customer order is received), the company can reduce the cost of a customized products and avoid unsold products. Moreover, the company creates specific marketing strategies to reach different customer segments, so it can really understand the customer’s needs and keep good relationship with them. This also helps the company reduce the cost for market research. This is an advantage for small and medium enterprises to start their business with limited resources. 5 Which one is dead? Mass marketing strategy is trying to reach market in greater areas by using single marketing strategy. The advantages of this strategy is in terms of low cost in production costs and tends to masters market monopolistic ally – as well as – can close all markets from competitors. In the past, mass  marketing was a relatively common and successful approach. The classic example given is the Ford Motor Company with their standard offering of the Model T Ford, which is the only product they sold for many years and it was only provided in one color (black). Nowadays, mass marketing is facing to the death because of several challenges below: Various segmented market and different demand of customer Today’s marketplaces are individualized, customized, and personalized. A single product offering, therefore, cannot fully satisfy the diverse needs of all consumers in a market and consumers with unsatisfied needs expose businesses to challenges by competitors who are able to identify and fulfill consumer needs more precisely. In fact, markets for new products typically begin with one competitor offering a single product, and then gradually splinter into segments as competitors enter the market with products and marketing messages targeted at groups of consumers the original producer may have missed. These new competitors are able to enter a market ostensibly controlled by an established competitor because they can identify and meet the needs of unsatisfied customer segments. In recent times, the proliferation of computerized customer databases has worked to drive marketing toward ever-more-narrowly focused market segments The ineffiecience of communication to customer Mass marketing is an attempt to appeal to an entire market with one basic marketing strategy utilizing mass distribution and mass media. Also called undifferentiated marketing, it maximizes products advertising to consumers. Unlike niche marketing, that targets markets and audiences via research and analytical techniques; mass marketing advertises products to a large audience. Until recently, marketers have pretty much taken a â€Å"mass media† approach to their efforts: Blast out as many marketing messages as possible on every medium available as often as you can afford it. In an era when it’s not really possible to learn anything about the audience and their tastes, this crude shotgun method of attack is pretty much the only option. Mass marketing tactics are really just slightly more sophisticated versions of standing on the street corner yelling at people who walk by, hoping that some small percentage of them might be interested in what you have to say. The development of the Internet and social media Traditionally mass marketing has focused on radio, television and newspapers as the media used to reach this broad audience. By reaching the largest audience, exposure to the product is maximized. In the new millennium, the Internet – a mass communications medium- is more and more developing. Besides, it also changes the way people approach new products. The Internet has allowed people to reach out to each other and becomes a powerful force of one. Through ‘world wide web’ and social media, customers are able to connect with others who have similar interest, share experiences about products, complain about poor performing products or even become brand advocates.. Thereore, customers – not mass maketing tools – have influence on their decision buying products themselves. The Mass marketing could be coming to an end replaced by a new era of personal marketing. The businesses should make the right marketing strategy to approach their targets. VII. Conclusion Mass marketing is old school marketing. No longer can businesses afford to blindly send large volume of the same messages to unqualified recipients. Nor can they afford to treat each customer to same way. Yet many businesses still practice these useless exercises. Plenty of businesses practice bad marketing on a regular basis. It’s wasteful and it produces negative effects. With an unfocused target, the wrong people will get the wrong message. As a result, marketing dollars will be wasted. Prospective elients may look unfavorably on your business because you appear to be careless, desperate, or just plain clueless, and no one wants to work with a business like that. Customers can’t be treated anonymously. One of the keys to successful marketing and sales understands your customer’s needs and pains, and how to better serve them. Personalized marketing will help businesses address these customer needs. Today, when more and more industries move towards creating mark ets of one, the satisfaction of increasingly individualized consumer demand is a challenge faced by many manufacturing organizations. Consequentially, this situation has led to a rapid growth in the attention given to mass customization for the fulfillment of individual consumer requirements. Customer co-design and integration are the keys to  mass customization. This is the core element that differentiates mass customization from other strategies like lean management or agile manufacturing. With today’s information technology, mass customization customers can be included into the value creation chain by defining, configuring or modifying an individual order. Though an interactive website customers can configure specifications of the product or service, packaging and even delivery options. The use of build-to-order methods, where an item is not constructed until an order is received, is an important factor in minimising the cost of a customized product. Mass customization is a reality because it is an attractive strategy for both manufacturers and customers. Producers are able to reduce their inventories a nd manufacturing overhead costs, eliminate waste in their supply chains, and obtain more accurate information about demand. Including the customer in the product design also establishes an individual contact between the manufacturer and customer, which offers possibilities for building up a lasting relationship. Mass customization technologies make it possible for companies to create a cost efficient value chain, while increasing flexibility towards answering customers’ needs from heterogeneous market demands. In this way, companies pay more attention in delivering products and services, and, instead of focusing just on acquiring new customers, they concentrate on building lasting relationships with the existing customers. Involving customers into the company’s value creation process increases their sense of contribution in the end product and brings real first hand customer knowledge. Small and medium enterprises comprise most of the world’s manufacturing secto r. In addition to feeling intense pressure from low-cost international competitors, these organizations have to deal with rising raw material cost, customers demanding high quality service, support, and product variety. Mass customization has snuck up on many of us. It has happened gradually and has moved from industry to industry without carrying the â€Å"mass customizing† label. We have gotten used to having our products and services customized without having the label â€Å"mass customizing† used to define customizing what is happening. We take mass customization for granted. We turn on our computer, click on â€Å"Word,† choose our favorite font, our color of the day, and the stationery that we think will impress our reader, and within seconds we are creating a document that we have quickly and effortlessly customized  to meet our personal desires. We believe that mass customization has great potential to be a source of sustainable financial and strategic adv antage. Today’s market characteristics and competitive challenges favor mass customization in many industries and market situations. We invite managers to learn more about this strategy and investigate how a customized mass customization approach can suit their businesses better.